Staging and presentation Essay Example for Free

Staging and presentation EssayI will be talking ab verboten how Shakespeargon has shown Richard to be a unbent machiavel. I will do this by focussing on I.1, I.2, III.7 AND V.3. I will be examining the features of speech, staging and presentation.A machiavel is villainous fund offices, who are practised liars (artful in their deception). This brings delight in their own offense from being a villain. Like Richard III they are cruel political opportunists. Machiavellians similarly disguise their trustworthy colours to stop mountain finding out how they re exclusivelyy are. Richard had to be so evil because he was an enemy of the house of Tudor. He goes through the Tudor family by killing and plotting against them.I will also look at how Richard uses expression to persuade people to get his own substance and how staging was really limited in Elizabethan times. Shakespeares theatres had very little scenery, very few props as well. The language apply by Shakespeare was ver y poetic he used a lot of puns and metaphors for e.g. In the deep bosom of the ocean buried.The basic plot line of Richard III is about a 15th century nobleman who murders his focusing to the throne in a confessedly machiavellian way stopping anyone that gets in his way,A soliloquy is a dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character talks to him or herself or reveals his or her thoughts without addressing a listener. Shakespeare sets up Richardss character in the opening soliloquy by that the poetry is written in Blank verse with ten syllables unrhymed lines. He expresses his thoughts out aloud. Richard is totally uttered at all times and does not try and hide his evil nature like a machiavel. The effect this would have on the audience is how evil and how devious Richard is being a self seeking power hungry maniac willing to sacrifice everything to get his own way.Shakespeare shows other characteristics in proceed 1 scene 1 in relation to Clarence by lying and manip ulating Clarence. He sets out to set Edward IV and Clarence against each other. Richard lies to Clarence by saying We are not safe Clarence we are not safe . This is all a lie . Richard manipulates Clarence to his own favour by being very nice to him.In this scene Shakespeares language features are used very wisely to get the message across by utilise Puns. A Pun is a backchat or phrase with a double meaning. The effect a double meaning will have on the audience is confusion about what Shakespeare is act to say through Richard whether he means one thing or the other.Language features used in guess 1 Scene 2 shows that language may not always be a necessary instrument of power, but for Richard, it is a crucial weapon. His extraordinary skill with words enables him to manipulate, confuse, and control those near him. Richards skill with language and argument is what enables him to woo Lady Ann.Shakespeare creates Richards machiavellian spirit by display 2 sides of him the one si de showing a configuration and helpful man. The other side a dark political opportunists. The topic of dissembling and disguising ones true identity amounts to an infantile fixation.The effect of rhyming couplets at the end of Act 1 Scene 2. It differs from the rest of the scene by when they talk rhyming couplets are used to manipulate someone it adds an effect of finality, also when they are used it tells the audience that is the end of the scene for example where it says on lines 267 and 268 glass and pass are used at the end of the lines.Shakespeare stages Act 3 Scene 7 to suggests Richards political opportunism by talking about bastardisation of his nephews to Buckingham. The citizens didnt react to this news and leads to a discussion. Furthering the plot this leads to their dastardly plan where Richard takes advantage of Edward. Showing Richards true colours of his cruel machiavellian ways and people start taking sidesRichard sets the scene to give himself the advantage by dr essing up as a holy man to get to add appear as a kind person who cares about his nephews but is really playing the part of a machiavellian e.g. the disguise talking about his nephews issues qualification Richard feel bad but in fact it makes him seem compassionate which makes him look good.This relates to duplicity of Richards ikon and the Elizabethan obsession by Richard disguises to act supportive towards everyone to trick people to think he is there for the well being of the Prince. But in existing fact he is hiding his true colours and feelings, Upon doing this he gains respect from people who havent a clue what he really is up to. This relates to the Elizabethan obsession by they used to love a character who were in disguise in relation to Richard he has 2 identities good and bad one making the play more interesting for Elizabethan people.In V.3 rhetorical figures are used to explore hierarchy making Richard use rhetorical figures by using the art of a machiavellian. To move from propaganda to a machiavellian he is made a bigger and more cruel machiavellian which is more dastardly. He was designate to of killed the princes.The use of language tells us how devious Richard is how he doesnt care about others but himself getting what he wants and that is the throne. In doing this Richard is joyful in a true machiavel way. In comparison with God this would upset him by the Natural orderI have learned that Shakespeare can be persuasive with the use of language and can create a very intense atmosphere amongst the characters. Take the role of Richard he transformed in to, 2 separate people showing 2 different sides. Using puns helped create an effect as well for example when Richard admitted to Anne that he killed Henry, he tries to say this as sincere as attainable and telling her it was her beauty that provoked him to do such a thing. Trying to make Anne feel in control when really he is using his true Machiavellian ways by lying to Anne.The limits of the Elizabethan stage had caused more problems fro Shakespeare this meant he had to be more creative and express as much as possible in language and movement to create the right mood. Very few props meant he had to think of other ideas fro example if blood came out of a character instead of using actual blood he had to be creative and think of other ideas he could use a vivid colour clothe to create the same image but in a different way.The play is still relevant today and the message pot the play is about a man who is willing to kill anyone who gets in his way to get what he wants and in some cases today is true. For example how people trick one another to get their own way is kind of like what Richard done turning his back on the Tudor family to get to the throne.In my opinion Richard is a true machiavel and is a very good one the way he is a sneaky, evil and conniving political opportunists is what he did best. fraud to everyone to get his own way not giving any hints of his quest to become king. He did not once feel the least bit of lugubriousness for what he done but was delighted in his own wickedness and it didnt matter if he hurt anyone as long as Richard got his own way was all that mattered to him. He was also disguised so people thought differently of him for example when he and Buckingham create the right effect by Richard appearing as a holy men with a Bible in hand. Also he disguises himself as being a good General. By doing all of this Richard has created the right appearance and right image in my mind for being a extraordinary machiavellian.

Forbidding Mourning by John Donne Essay Example for Free

Forbidding Mourning by John Donne EssayThe principal theme of the poem is that lovers continue united even when they are physically separated. Donne proves his idea by argument, conceits, passion, and thought. It is believed that Donne left for France in 1611. He gave this poem to his wife at the time of his departure. The poet advises his wife non to mourn the temporary musical interval, because their love remains intact despite their parting. Parting brings their souls even closer.The biographical details of the poet, however, are not essential to the appreciation of the poem. The poet has universalized a personal experience. The poem is a remarkable illustration of intellectualization of passion and has Donnes famous conceit of compass towards the end. The poem quietly begins with a metaphysical conceit. Virtuous people are not afraid of death. They visualize the life beyond death. So they pass away quietly. To the Elizabethans, separation is the death of the lovers. The p oet believes and convinces his wife that separation strengthens love.Otherwise, separation is unimportant, even impossible. Even parting lovers dont part. And separation is the expansion of their love. The poet asks his beloved to part quietly without creating a scene So let us melt, and make no noise. The word melt has many meanings. It implies separation, death, tenderness, etc. Let there be no floods of weeping and no tempests of sighs, so characteristic of the Elizabethan lovers. It would be vulgarization of their love. Love is a mystery to the world, but not to the lovers. Let this mystery not be revealed to the world.Then the poet contrasts the physical love and spiritual love. The ordinary lovers are earthly, but spiritual lovers are perceive. An earthquake causes great damage. People calculate the damage and the threat. On the other hand, the movement of heavenly bodies, though much greater, is harmless. The poet wants that his wife should let him part quietly. The earthl y lovers endnot separate from the beloved, because their love or lust is tied to the limbs of the lady. They cannot dedicate to be away from those lips, eyes, and hands.The love between the poet and his beloved is spiritual and springs from mutual faith and understanding. It is mutual mental assurance. Theirs is the union of the minds and souls. The lovers unite into a single being, manduction a single soul. Their unity is not damaged by physical separation. The greater the distance, the stronger the soul. Separation is no breach, no break. Their love is precious like gold. It is expansive. sumptuous beaten thin covers an unexpectedly vast area. So their love will not break because of separation, but becomes rare and refined Our two souls, therefore, which are one,though I must go, endure not yet A breach, but an expansion, Like gold to airy thinness beat. The phrase airy thinness has divine associations. It suggests angels in the air and the angelic or divine love between the lovers. If the lovers do not share a common soul, Donne argues that their individual souls are united together at the top, like the legs of a compass. Perhaps no other image is used so often to illustrate metaphysical poetry and metaphysical conceit. The beloved who stays at home is like the fixed foot, fixed at the centre. It is fixed.It does not seem to move, but it does when the other foot moves. It leans and follows the wandering (moving) foot. The roving foot, i. e. the lover, having completed the circle, returns to the centre and is reunited with the fixed foot. Donne believes in the love that has faith and firmness of the beloved which helps the lover to complete his circle (or journey) accurately. Eventually, he returns home to his beloved. They are present to face with each other. She is the focus of his life, the beginning and the end of his journey, and of all he wants Thy firmness draws my circle just,And makes me end, where I begun. Donnes use of conceit here and el sewhere is not ornamental but functional. It convinces, persuades, amplifies, and illustrates. Coleridge admires A Valediction Forbidding Mourning. The poem is quiet triumph of the marital romance. It shows a remarkable restraint utilize a simple poetic form. The poem is even more meaningful today when the marital understanding it celebrates is fast vanishing. A great poet like Donne can produce good poetry out of a geometry box. A Valediction Forbidding Mourning is passionate logic turned poetry.

Illusion in The Tempest

Illusion in The TempestThroughout his thirty-six works which frequent stages around the world, Shakespeare was fitted to explore not only the human psyche and characteristics of humanity, but he also investigated the natural and unnatural world. In bingle of his more original plan lines, The Tempest, Shakespeare experimented with many themes, such as power, love, revenge, and pride. Shakespeare also explored the relationship in the midst of reality and illusion. Throughout the piece, Shakespeare portrays that illusion may be used to veil reality, but in the end, reality always makes itself apparent through the characters actions.The veil of illusion and unnaturalness can be centered around the character, Prospero. Prosperos whole life has been dedicated to the achievement of wizard(prenominal) abilities. In the first act, Prospero tells his daughter, MirandaI, thus neglecting worldly ends, all dedicated to closeness and the bettering of my mind with that which, but by being so r etired, Oerprized all popular rate, in my false brother awaked an evil nature. And my swan, like a good parent, did beget of him a falsehood in its contrary as great as my trust was, which had indeed no limit, a confidence sans bound. He being thus lorded, not only with what my revenue yielded but what my power might else exact, like one who having into truth, by telling of it, made such a sinner of his memory to credit his own liehe did believe he was indeed the duke, out o th substitution and executing th outward face of royalty, with all prerogative. Hence his ambition growing. (1.2.89-105)Prospero reveals to his daughter that while he was caught up with perfecting his mind and his ability to encounter the unnatural world, he gave his brother, Antonio, the power to run the state in his absence. Antonio then betrayed him and took Prosperos title, and had him and Miranda marooned on an island. This is just one of the many clues given to the audience in the second scene that there is something unnatural about Prospero and his island. Later in the scene, Prospero reminds the spirit, Ariel, that, It was mine art, when I arrived and figured thee, that made gape the pine and let thee out, (1.2.345-347).As the story progresses, Prospero has the spirit, Ariel, conjure a large illusion of a storm, and wreck the crew of a nearby ship, which included his treacherous brother, on the island. Prospero has much insure of the island, and through his various spirits, he controls much of the action in the play. In this way, Shakespeare creates a world of illusion. The characters go into most situations with an altered sense of reality. One usage of this is when Prospero has his daughter meet the young prince, Ferdinand. Prospero leads the prince to believe that he is the only survivor of the wreck, and that his meeting Miranda is completely by chance, and he takes her to be a goddess and unnatural being. In reality, Prospero wishes Ferdinand to marry his daughter, so he leads them to each other. Another example is when the slave, Caliban meets Alonso, Sephano, and Trinculo. Although in reality, they are there, he believes them to be spirits of Prospero come to torture himHis spirits hear me and yet I needs must curse. notwithstanding theyll nor pinch, fright me with urchin-shows, pitch me i th mire, nor lead me like a firebrand in the sullen out of my way, unless he bid em. But for every trifle are they set upon me, sometime like apes that mow and chatter at me, and after cut me, then like hedgehogs which lie tumbling in my barefoot way and mount their pricks at my footfall. Sometime am I all wound with adders who with bisulcate tongues do hiss me into madness. Lo, now, lo Here comes a spirit of his, and to torment me for bringing wood in slowly. Ill fall flat. Perchance he will not mind me. (2.2.1-17)After Caliban is given wine by Stephano, he believes them to be gods more powerful than Prospero, and he convinces them to overthrow and kill Pros pero, and to rule the island in his stead. But Prospero uses illusion to cloak himself, and travels around the island invisibly. He unavoidably discovers the treacherous plan, and puts an end to it.The story ends with Prospero unveiling the reality of the island. His illusions are ready to be exposed. In the shoemakers last act, Prospero claims, Now does my project gather to a head. My charms crack not, my spirits obey, and time goes upright with his carriage, (5.1.1-3). He confronts his brother, Antonio, saying, Flesh and blood, you brother mine, that entertained ambition, expel take remorse and nature, whom, with Sebastian, whose inward pinches and so are most strong, would here have killed your kingI do forgive thee, unnatural though thou art, (5.1.78-83). Prospero later admits that the island was enchanted, You do yet taste some subtleties o th isle, that will not let you believe things certain, (5.1.124-126). Prospero then reveals that Ferdinand is not dead, and a veil rises, revealing him and Miranda, yet the King is slow to believe, if this prove a vision of the Island, one dear son shall I twice loss, (5.1.179-181). The last thing Prospero reveals is that the ship is not, in fact, wrecked on the shore, but merely harbored on the other side of the islandThe best news is that we have safely found our king and company. The next, our ship which, but three glasses since, we gave out split is blotto and yare and bravely rigged as when we first put out to sea (5.1.229-233)The group then prepare to leave the island, and Prospero vows to leave his magic on the island, vivid clear reality for the future.While Shakespeare portrays that illusion may be used to veil reality, in the end, reality always makes itself apparent through the characters actions. The relationship between reality and illusion is explored throughout this work, as well as a few of his other works. Shakespeares search to understand the world and the human being has led to a chapter of liter ature educational for all audiences. The world is lucky to still be frequented by his works, especially The Tempest.

The Structure And Function Of Proteins Biology Essay

The Structure And Function Of Proteins Biology EssayProteins argon large macro whits which consist of enthalpy, carbon and oxygen proteins be polymeric mountain chains that argon built from monomers known as aminic throng acids. Proteins have a major function in a living organism, for theoretical account, the replication of DNA, catalysing metabolic answers (catalyst) stimulus result and alike transporting molecules form 1 place to other. There are 20 different vitrines of amino acids which synthesize proteins, however the function and different properties of each type of protein is due to the precise sequence and structure of the amino acids present.Each amino acid consists of a central carbon atom (C), which is attached to a hydrogen atom (H), an amino group ( as well known as NH2 group), a carboxyl group (- COOH, this gives up a proton hence why this is known as an acid) and overly a unique cheek chain or R group.Amino acids are linked forcearly via covalent peptide bonds, short chain amino acids are known as peptides whereas long chain formations of amino acids are called polypeptides, where the peptide bond is create between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group on the neighbouring amino acid. This reaction occurs as a condensation reaction where there is a removal of a hydrogen atom from the amino group of one amino acid and the removal of a OH group from the carboxyl acid from another amino acid forming a water molecule (Fig 1).http//ibhumanbiochemistry.wikispaces.com/file/view/CondensationReaction.jpg/31781961/CondensationReaction.jpgFig 1 a condensation reaction between two amino acid molecules, there is a formation of a water molecule as a waste product.The unique side chain or R group is what disguises one amino acid from another the overall structure and properties of the proteins are therefore dependent on sequence of the R group of each amino acid. Furthermore these variations of the R group and also the arrangeme nts of the other amino acids would form a number of different polypeptides. Each protein consists of a different number of these polypeptide chains which are folded into conglomerate three dimensional conformations therefore different proteins would have different shapes.There are four levels of protein organization put in polypeptides these structures are known as primary structure, lowly structure, tertiary structure and also quaternary structure.Primary structures is the basic structure of the levels of organization, the primary structure is the linear arrangements/sequence found of the amino acid in the protein, and also could be thought of as the covalent linkages found in the polypeptide chain or the protein, such as a disulphide bond.The secondary structure is the areas of fold up found within the protein, where there is an ordered arrangement of the amino acids in some localized regions of the polypeptide molecule hydrogen bonds play a vital place in stabilizing the f olding patterns which are found in the protein molecule. Although the conformation of each protein molecule are considered unique, there are two main types of secondary structure, or folding patterns, that are often present these are the alpha curlicue and the anti- line of latitude beta-pleated tatters, these two folding patterns are common due to the hydrogen bind occurs between the N-H and C=O groups in the backbone of the polypeptide. However there are a number of other secondary structures but the alpha helix and the anti-analogue sheets are the most stable form of secondary structures found. Furthermore there may be a number of these two types of secondary structure found in a single polypeptide chain.An alpha helix is spiral structure where this could be either a right pass or left handed spiral, in which the peptide bonds are found to be Trans conformational and planar, it would also be found that the amino group of each of the peptide bonds is generally in the upward pos ition where as the carboxyl group points in the downwards position.An alpha helix structure is generated when a single polypeptide chain has turned around itself to form a unfaltering cylinder where a hydrogen bond is formed between every fourth amino acid (fig 1.2), which links the C=O group of one peptide bond to the N-H group on another amino acid (fig 1.2).http//faculty.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit3/viruses/images/alphahelix.jpgFig 1.2 shows the hydrogen bond formed between every fourth amino acid, also linking the N-H group and O=H group.There are two types of beta sheets parallel and anti-parallel beta sheets. The Beta pleated sheets are extended polypeptide chains with another neighbouring polypeptide chain extending either parallel or anti-parallel to each other, this occurs due to the hydrogen bonds being formed between the segments of the polypeptide chain so are essentially place side by side. The parallel beta sheets is when the structure is shown to consist a polypeptide chain and neighbouring polypeptide chain that would run in the same direction (from the N-terminus to the C-terminus), is known as the parallel beta sheet (Fig 2.1), whereas when the polypeptide chain runs in the opposite direction of that of its neighbouring chain, it is known as an anti-parallel beta sheet (Fig 2.2).http//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcSXEJyNbzn7F6PlFREwMGrUg4oz5Ysk1Fho12R9GMWzGFSIQjfK9M9bVZ80Fig 2.1 shows the parallel beta sheets, the dotted line represents hydrogen bonds. The polypeptide chains shown are placed side by side but run in the same direction so are parallel to each other.Fig 2.2 shows the anti-parallel beta sheets, the dotted line represents hydrogen bonds. The polypeptide chains shown are placed side by side but run in the opposite direction so are anti-parallel to each other.The beta sheet are stable structures that produces a very rigid, pleated structure this is due to the beta sheet being stabilized by hydrogen bond being formed between the amino group on one polypeptide chain and the carboxyl group on the adjacent chain.The tertiary structure of a protein is the full three dimensional structure of the arrangements of atoms found within the polypeptide chain, this structure is the final geometric shape that protein assume and would be the highest level structure that a protein can attain, the structures include the alpha helix, beta sheets, random coils and also other structures such as loops and folds, which are formed between the N-terminus and the C-terminus. The tertiary structure is mainly stabilized by the formation of disulphide bonds, this is also known as a disulphide bridge because these bonds are formed by oxidation reaction of the side chains of cysteine, by oxidizing the two thiol groups (SH) which would form a disulphide bond (S-S) (fig 3).http//www.elmhurst.edu/chm/vchembook/images/563cysdisulfide.gifFig 3 Shows the equation of an oxidation reaction in the tertiary structure to form a disulph ide bridge (S-S), where a molecule of water is formed.The quaternary structure of a protein is the arrangements of many different types of coil and folded polypeptides to form a unique functional protein and is stabilized by several non-covalent bonding, where some of these types of bonding are also found in tertiary structures, for example hydrogen bonding, Van Der Waals interactions, hydrophobic interactions and also ionic interactions. These can occur if there is more than one polypeptide chain present in a complex protein.

DNA, Genes and chromosomes

desoxyribonucleic acid, Genes and chromosomesIntroductionAssignment two will firstly explain about DNA, genes and chromosomes. It will then evaluate some pre- disposed genetic factors that be active conventionality human functioning and look a range of different diseases. It will then evaluate pre-disposed purlieual factors that may also affect normal human functioning and discuss another range of diseases.Genetic information is contained in nucleic acids, which ar the molecules that hold the information. All living jail carrells and viruses contain information and thither ar two types of nucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the self replicating genetic material in living cells and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The organise of DNA was worked out by Watson and Crick in the 1950s. Nucleic acids atomic number 18 made of units called nucleotides and an individual nucleotide is in three parts which combine by condensation reactions. These ar phosphoric acid, pentose sugar, which in DNA is deoxyribose and in RNA ribose and in that location is an organic base comprising of five and divided into two groups. The DNA is a double stranded polymer of nucleotides (polynucleotide) comprising of some(prenominal) million nucleotide units. Its structure is in the form of double helix which is maintained by hydrogen bonding and it contains four organ bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.A gene is the unit of heredity, comprising of a length of DNA that influences an organisms form and function. The protein produced when a gene is expressed produces a characteristic and each gene occupies its own position on the chromosome called the locus. Different forms of the uniform genes are called allele and there may be different alleles of the same gene with slightly different DNA structure.The chromosome is i long coiled DNA molecule which has genes dotted along its length. The genetic material of each cell is packaged together in the substance as chromosomes and each one of these contains rattling long DNA molecules. The human body has 46 chromosomes and in each body cell the chromosomes are in pairs, called homologous and a full chastise of chromosomes is called the karotype. Chromosomes make copies of each other so that when they divide, each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the genetic information. This is called replication and results in two DNA molecules.The military man Genome Project started in 1990 and it was a huge task to govern the order of bases in the human genome as well as identifying all the genes formed by the bases. Its other aims were to find the location of the genes on the 23 chromosomes and store the information on a data base. The purpose of collating the information was for scientists to know which sections of DNA, on which chromosomes are responsible for many geted diseases. The main uses of genetic interrogatory are in carrier screening, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, new born baby screening, an d for prediction testing of onset disorders such as Huntington disease, onset kittycers and Alzheimers disease. Using a sample of DNA it is possible to find out whether a person is carrying a wrong gene which causes a disease such as cystic fibrosis, or to identify genes that play a contributory role in diseases such as breast fannycer. From results it is possible to eliminate all chance of the disease by correcting the faulty allele.Sexual reproduction produces genetic regeneration amongst individuals in a population.Mitosis is when cell division takes place and it results in growth or repair of body tissues which is not to be confused with Meiosis which is the cell division that produces gametes (sex cells). In mitosis, one cell divides into two identical cells and in meiosis one cell divides into four daughter cells that a genetically unique. A species must change to its environs if it is to survive and the genetic constitution of an organism gives it the potential to show a particular characteristic. Characteristics that are dictated by a tour of genes are called continuous variation such a height and characteristics that are clear cut are by a wholeness gene are called discontinuous variation. The origins of variation are either non-inheritable or heritable. The environment has a huge role in determining phenotypic variation and factors in humans canister include provender and exercise. Heritable variations are when an organism, for example, inherits genes which will determine its eventual size, although this can depend on nutritional influences.Monohybrid inheritance is when a characteristic controlled by a single gene is passed on from one generation to another. Examples of genetic diseases that are passed on in this way are Huntingtons disease and cystic fibrosis. The gene can be either dominant or recessive. Huntingdons disease is due to a mutation in a single gene that occurs on chromosome 4. Every cell nucleus has two copies on the gene an d the codes for the protein are Huntingdin. People who develop the disease carry a mutation in one of copy of the Huntingdin gene. Huntingdin is concentrated in areas of the brain and that degeneration of the gene is called Huntingdons disease.Huntingdons disease is rare but another more common disease is cystic fibrosis which is caused by a recessive allele. To inherit the disease both parents have to be carriers of the defective alleles. In the UK one person in 2000 suffers from this condition and people that develop the disease produce a thick sticky mucus from the epithelial cells lining some passages in the body. The pancreatic duct can become blocked so food digestion can not complete and the bronchioles and alveoli of the lungs can become blocked. The normal allele of the cystic fibrosis gene makes an important protein called CFTR. Normally CFTR will transport chloride ions through the plasma membrane, however, the mutated allele causes production of a channel protein that do es not transport the ions so the person who is homozygous suffers from cystic fibrosis.The full amount of alleles and their combination a person has is called their genotype and some of these are recessive and some dominant. The effect that these alleles have is called the phenotype. Different alleles of a gene do not have to be recessive or dominant and if two alleles both produce a protein that can function then the alleles can be codominant. An example of a disease that is codominance is Sickle cell anaemia, where a mutant allele of a normal haemoglobin gene causes one amino acid in the two beta polypeptide chains to be different. The shape of the molecule is altered and the red blood cells can be crescent or sickle shaped. These can be easily damaged and the number of working cells decreases the amount of oxygen going to the tissues. The heart works harder and the defective cells join together making the blood sticky. This can result in many side effects including kidney failure , heart attack and strokes. The spleen is over burdened and can stop its ability to remove bacteria from the blood so infections can be common.Another type of faulty cell division is called non disjunction where the daughter cell receives two copies of a chromosome and the other gets none. This can result in the condition called Downs syndrome where chromosome 21 is affected. The genetic condition is known as trisomy, where a person inherits an extra copy of one chromosome. People with the syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21 rather than two and this additional genetic material affects the balance of the body and results in characteristic physical and intellectual features.Many people have alleles of genes which can make them much more susceptible to certain diseases. The disease may only develop if the person become in contact with something in the environment such as a chemical. An example of this would be lung cancer as some smokers die from cancer in middle age, while oth ers carry on well into old age without cosmos affected. The expression of genes can also be affected by environmental factors such as diet, disease and temperature during development. mutagenic agents can cause gene mutations in tissues which then grow abnormally. There much scientific disagreement about a persons intelligence as is it determined by genes or by the environment that they grow up in.Asthma is a condition that tends to run in families that are prone to allergies. Although there are many factors that cause and influence asthma there is no single gene that is involved, although scientists are searching for the gene involved which may lead to a cure. The condition affects the bronchioles that carry air in and out the lungs which become swollen or narrowed and excess mucus is produced. It is a chronic condition and symptoms are wheezing, shortness of breath and a tight feeling in the chest. There are environmental factors which increase the risk of the disease such as bei ng brought up in a house that has a pet, exposure to cigarette smoke in the uterus or in early life, air pollution and being born at the time of year when pollen is at is highest.Coronary heart disease is a condition in which genetics and environmental factors determine which humans get the disease. The disease is caused by a blockage of the coronary arteries which supply blood to the heart. In a healthy heart the walls are strike and the blood flows easily, but the disease develops when material blocks the walls of the arteries causing narrowing of the vessels and possibly a complete blockage. This can lead to a wide range of cardiac problems including angina. The disease often occurs within the same family which can indicate that there maybe genetic link between people with the condition. It is difficult to establish if there is a direct correlation between family members due to genes or whether it is the environmental factors which they all are exposed to. Some of the main envi ronmental factors that increase the risk of developing the disease are smoking, lack of exercise, obesity, unhealthy diet, mental stress, alcohol and coffee. It has been proved that genetic factors have an influence on cholesterol levels, but overall, it seems that a combination of genetics and the environment would best explain the family link to heart disease.

Comparing the Violin to a Puzzle Essay -- comparison compare contrast

Comparing the Violin to a PuzzleA violin can be comp ard to a puzzle. Each piece of the puzzle has a unique role in the outcome of the picture, or in this case, the overall sound. The pieces are brought together by both the violins maker and its player. Just like a puzzle, different persons, when given the same pieces probably will not put them in the same order. This fact accounts for the differences in the designs of master violinmakers and the tonal differences between players. To quote Joseph Wechsberg, The tone is of course created by the violinist . . . the same violin played by several violinists sounds different in the hands of each player, (45). In spite of the different interpretations of where the pieces should go, if any piece of the puzzle is missing or deformed, the puzzle wont scene together correctly. In order to determine whether or not the pieces are correctly assembled, it is necessary to understand the pieces and their functions.The violin consists of seventy move back and belly,two parts each, 6 ribs and inside blocks, 12 inside linings, 24 purflings, 4 pegs and strings, and one each of bass bar, fingerboard, neck, scroll, nut, lower nut, tailpiece, loop, tailpiece button, bridge and soundpost (Bachmann, 58).The shape and design of the instrument is referred to as the model. The model not only influences the appearance of the violin, but also its acoustic qualities. For the most part, the acoustical effect is limited to the playability of the violin. For example, the shape of the shoulders influences the ease with which high positions, or notes, are played (Curtin). The choice of wood also affects the violins acoustical properties. Traditionally, violin makers used spruce and maple fr... ...r that the reader will be seduced by the violins siren song. flora CitedBachmpedia of the Violin. New York DaCapo, 1966. Curtin, Joseph. The Anatomy of a Violin. 16 March, 2003. <http//www.msen.com/violins/about/anatomy.html Gough, Colin. Science and the Stradivarius. Physics World April 2000.<http//physicsweb.org/article/world/13/4/8/1/pw-13-04-09fig5 Ifshin Violins 25 March, 2003. <http//www.ifshinviolins.com/strings.html Hill, W. Henry, Arthur F. Hill, and Alfred E. Hill. Antonio Stradivari His Life and Work (1644-1737). New York Dover, 1963. Johannsson, Hans. 31 March, 2003. <http//www.centrum.is/hansi/construction/ Victor, Andrew. Bows Magic Wands. 25 March, 2003. <http//members.aol.com/bowedstrings.bows-magicwands.html Wechsberg, Joseph. The Glory of the Violin. New York Viking, 1973.

Impact of Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin :: Uncle Toms Cabin Essays

Harriet Beecher Stowe was born on June 14, 1811, in Connecticut. She was the seventh child of a famous protestant preacher. Harriet worked as a teacher with her older sister Catharine, at the Hartford Female Academy. She was also an established writer. She helped support her family financially by writing local and religious periodicals. Harriet began writing when she was young, beginning with poems, travel books, and childrens books, and last writing adult novels. Her first adult novel that she wrote and published was Uncle Toms Cabin. She wrote Uncle Toms Cabin in 1852, aft(prenominal) the Fugitive slave Law was passed. Uncle Toms Cabin is a controversial book that Harriet wrote on her feelings of slavery. The story focuses on the harsh reality of slavery and the main character, Uncle Tom, a suffering sick slave whose Christian love and faith overcame enslavement. Uncle Toms Cabin was the best-selling novel of the 19th century, and the second best-selling book of the century aft er the Bible. 300,000 copies of the book were sold in the first year after it was published. Harriet being a sworn abolitionist, her views and comments written in the book helped start the Abolitionist fuck off in the 1850s. The book also spread many stereotypes about African-Americans, such as Mammy (slang for mother), Pickaninny (slang for a black child), and Uncle Tom (slang for a black servant faithful to his white master or mistress). The impact of the book was so great, that before the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln wanted to meet Harriet. When he finally met her in 1862, he said, So youre the little woman that wrote the book that made this big war. Uncle Toms Cabin, however, had a great impact in England than it did in America. The first London edition of the book came out in May, 1852, and sold over one million copies. The biggest reason it was to a greater extent popular in England than America was because of British antipathy to America. One remarkable writer from England explained that The evil passions which Uncle Tom gratified in England were not hatred or avenging of slavery, but national jealousy and national vanity. We have long been smarting under the conceit of America--we are tired of hearing her boast that she is the freest and the most beginner country that the world has ever seen. Our clergy hate her voluntary system--our Tories hate her democrats--our Whigs hate her parvenus--our Radicals hate her litigiousness, her insolence, and her ambition.