Ming dynasty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ming dynasty - Research Paper Example Although it also saw a lot of problems and setbacks, the Ming Dynasty is considered to be one of the greatest eras of solidity and affluence in the history of China. Based on historical evidence, although there were other contributing factors to the success of the dynasty, this time of great progress and flourishing of the life in the country can be largely attributed to the effective governance and prudent reforms of its numerous emperors. The Mongols were the ones held power before the formation of the Ming Dynasty. It was the first emperor of the Ming, Emperor Taizu, who led the rebellion against the foreign rulers and overthrew the Mongolian power in China, leaving the locals to rule their own country. Immediately after the establishment of the new empire, he set out to make reforms that changed all aspects of Chinese life for hundreds of years. Also known as the Hongwu Emperor, he began a great feat to reform China and he did so successfully, starting with the revival of the economy. Great efforts were made to improve the yield of the fields and farms, such as the reconstruction of ditches and watercourses, which were managed poorly and disregarded during the previous dynasty. Many neglected lands were also brought back to life by restarting cultivation and agriculture there. Many other agricultural attempts to restore stability and progress in terms of agriculture were made. This included tree-planting programs a ll over the provinces. As a result, the agricultural yield in the entire nation steadily tripled in only less than a decade. (Twichett et al, 264) Hongwu also made these reforms not only to increase the agricultural production of the country, but to also make efforts that would benefit those who were suffering in poverty at the time. In order to allow the peasants to gain opportunities to better their lives, he made many migrate to other areas, and also tried to equalize the distribution of property to many

IS THERE A LINK BETWEEN POST TRAUMATIC STRESS SYNDROME AND GENETICS Research Paper

IS THERE A LINK BETWEEN POST TRAUMATIC STRESS SYNDROME AND GENETICS - Research Paper Example he severity of the symptoms experienced by an individual and there have been copious amounts of research in order to explain this aspect of the disorder in various psychological paradigms. Researchers have also hypothesized that there may be a genetic diathesis involved in determining an individual’s susceptibility to developing PTSD. A twin study conducted on Vietnam veteran further shows a significant genetic contribution but the evidence cannot be deemed as completely reliable. (Segman & Shalev, 2003) In order to substantiate the claims, the individual needs to exhibit PTSD symptoms that can only occur following the individual’s exposure to a traumatic incident. However, researchers still managed to gather important data by observing similar brain activities and hormonal levels amongst family members that can still be used to form a hypothesis that genetic make-up does play a huge role in regulating the Serotonin levels that controls the severity of the symptoms experiences by the individual, as a result genetics also act as a barometer to predict the risk and resilience in the individual. (Segman & Shalev, 2003) In modern nursing, it is important for the health care providers to understand the exact nature of the disorder and since, genetics is an extraneous variable that regulates the severity of the disorder it will further enable the clinicians to understand the exact situation of the client and establish mutual feelings of equanimity and empathy to make the client understand that their situation is not their fault and it can be overcome with strict adherence to the treatment regimen (Watson, 2008). The explanations provided by the researchers are merely hypotheses as of now but the subject is still undergoing intensive research. This will further enhance the understanding of genetic pathways and enable clinicians and psychological professional to discover tangible evidence that elaborates upon the role of gene in the development and prognosis for

Should Juvenile Offender Be Tried As Adults Criminology Essay

Should Juvenile Offender Be Tried As Adults Criminology Essay Psychoanalysts have different theories and opinions. It does not matter if one looks at the theories of Jean Piaget or Erik Erickson, it is agreed that there are different levels of growth and development as a person ages. One does not reach full physiological and psychological maturity until adulthood. During the adolescent or juvenile stage of development, the brain and body continue to grow and mature. The brain is still developing and a person can still develop the cognitions to learn between right and wrong (Feldman, 2011). Trying these young offenders as adults and subjecting them to the way of the criminals they will come in contact with in adult prisons, supplies them with a society that will teach them skills needed to survive in a criminal world. If they are held in juvenile detention centers and provided the rehabilitation that is offered to them at that level, they have a better chance of learning right from wrong, repaying a debt to society for crimes committed, and beco ming a productive member of society. When a juvenile offenders commits an offense there are different guidelines that each state must follow when deciding to try as a juvenile or an adult. Depending on where the responsibility for the decision lies these guidelines will fall under one of three categories; judicial waiver, statutory exclusion, or concurrent jurisdiction (PBS, 2012). Judicial waiver means the juvenile court judge has the authority to send the case to criminal court rather than have it tried in the juvenile court system. This process is also knows as certification, remand, or bind over for criminal prosecution (Griffin, Addie, Adams, Firestine, 2011). Statutory exclusion means that a case starts out in criminal court rather than juvenile court. The juvenile court system is bypassed completely even though the offender is a juvenile. This is also known as legislative exclusion (Griffin, Addie, Adams, Firestine, 2011). Concurrent jurisdiction means that both systems work together and the prosecutor decides which avenue is the appropriate avenue for prosecution. This is also known as prosecutorial waiver, prosecutor discretion, or direct file (Griffin, Addie, Adams, Firestine, 2011). Laws started changing the way juveniles are handled in the 1980s and 1990s. For example, in Massachusetts, in 1990, Governor Dukakis signed a law into effect that stated that instead of the burden being placed on the court system to decide if a juvenile was to be tried as an adult, the burden of proof now was shifted to the juvenile to prove why they should not be tried as an adult (Kingsbury, 1990). The purpose of trying juveniles as adults is to impose harsher sentences in hopes that the fear of the harsher sentences will make juveniles think twice about committing the crimes but studies are showing that this is really not what is happening (PBS, 2012). Guidelines that govern the justice systems came into play in 1974 when the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act were enacted. Since its origination there have been many attempts, successful and not, to amend it. It sets standards for state and local juvenile justice systems, provides direct funding for states, research, training and technical assistance, and evaluations. It was put in place to protect youth (Center for Childrens Law and Policy). States that have no minimum age requirement to be tried as an adult are Alaska, Arizona, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Maine, Maryland, Nebraska, Nevada, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Washington, West Virginia, and Wisconsin (PBS, 2012). States that have a minimum age of 10 are Kansas and Vermont (PBS, 2012). States that have a minimum age of 12 are Colorado, Missouri, and Montana (PBS, 2012). States that have a minimum age of 13 are Illinois, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, and Wyoming (PBS, 2012). States that have a minimum age of 14 are Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Texas, Utah and Virginia (PBS, 2012). The one state that has a minimum age of 15 is New Mexico (PBS, 2012). One side of the argument is that juvenile offenders that are tried as adults, do not receive the rehabilitation that might help them and they only learn more from the criminals they are housed with and are returned to society as even worse offenders. Treating children as adults and not trying to teach them to become more responsible adults, society is not allowing them to learn from mistakes that are being made as a child. The other side of the argument is that by treating them as children and not subjecting them to harsher punishments, society is teaching them it is ok to commit the crimes and that they will not be held responsible at the same standards an adult would. There is hope that the fear of a harsher sentence would make a juvenile think twice about his actions and consider the harsher consequences. Over time, multiple studies have shown that there is little or no decrease in crime when juveniles are tried as adults and often show that the number of repeat offenses is higher in those, whose cases were tried in adult criminal court. A Florida study looked at reoccurring or repeat offenders among 2,738 juvenile offenders. It compared juveniles who had been processed in criminal court for mid-range offenses such as auto theft, assault, and robbery with a matched group of offenders that had remained in the juvenile system. To ensure and even match, they were matched in terms of offense, number of charges, prior record, race, sex, and age (University, 2007, p. 21). Short term study results showed that juveniles who went through the adult system were rearrested more quickly, were more likely to be rearrested, and were arrested more often for a more serious felony offense than those that remained in the juvenile system (University, 2007, p. 21). Two studies were completed comparing 16 and 17 year old offenders in New York City, who were processed in the adult criminal system as opposed to 16 and 17 year old offenders in New Jersey who remain in the juvenile system. The first study in the early 1980 compared 400 offenders who had committed first degree burglary and 400 first and second degree burglary offenders. Those juveniles that were put through the adult criminal system in New York were found to have higher rearrest rates, higher rates of reincarceration and shorter times between being rearrested (University, 2007, p. 22). The second study was completed in the early 1990s in the same locations using over 2000 juveniles that faced charges of robbery, burglary and assault. Again the results showed higher rearrest rate for violent crimes and a higher rearrest rate for felony property crimes (University, 2007, p. 22). In this last study there was one difference. Juveniles that were prosecuted in juvenile court for drug offen ses were more likely to be arrested for drug offenses than those processed in the adult criminal courts. On a larger scale, in 2006 a study was done comparing monthly violent arrest rates for 5 years prior to and after the laws were enacted to try the juveniles as adults. The study did not show a reduction in the overall rate of violent crime after the enactment of the laws. In 20 of 22 states there was no decline in arrest rates following the enactment of the laws. The state of Maine showed an overall decline for violent crimes and Wisconsin showed a temporary decline (University, 2007). Another study found that mixing juvenile offenders with more serious offenders in adult prison worsened the serious of their offenses as well as the length of their criminal careers (University, 2007). As the majority of studies show, prosecuting juveniles as adults is not a deterrent for crime. It only gives them knowledge and the skills to become more adept at the crimes. To understand the reasoning for this, one would need to look at the brain and the learning patterns of the human race. Most states have minimum age requirements for an adolescent to be tried as an adult, as stated above these ages vary from 10 to 15. During these years, the adolescent is still maturing and learning from the environment around them which can help shape the person they are to become. A person does not fully mature until they reach adulthood (Feldman, 2011). Society has two choices. A juvenile can be incarcerated and handled in the juvenile system, that is set up to help them learn from their actions and rehabilitate them to becoming a functioning productive member of society or they can be processed through the adult system; where they can learn from other criminals how to better their skills as a criminal and not receive any chance of rehabilitation. They will then be returned to society to practice what they have learned during incarceration. There are instances that should be reserved to be handled only in the adult judicial system. The crime of murder should be punishable as an adult because of the severity of deliberately taking another personà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s life. A person that is capable of deliberately taking another life, regardless of age is not capable of rehabilitation. There are cases of self-defense and accidents that would not be considered deliberately taking a life and should receive case by case consideration. Another case that should be tried as an adult is a case involving deliberate physical assault or injury. Again, if they are to the point they can deliberately cause physical harm and injury to another, they are most likely past rehabilitation and need to be handled as such. Take into consideration a young male or female that has never been arrested or even so much as received a parking ticket, this adolescent ends up at the wrong personà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s house and there is a party. Succumbing to peer pressure, this honor roll student drinks a few too many beers and rides along with a group of kids that have a criminal past and they break into a closed business. They are apprehended and all are taken through the adult court system. This previous honor roll student now has a felony record and cannot get the job they had in their future plans, they cannot register to vote, they cannot possess a gun and go hunting during hunting season and this is all due one bad mistake that happened one night; throwing away a life time of outstanding achievements. Should this juvenile be held to the same standards as a full grown adult that held a gun to an innocent victim and pulled the trigger? Is this plan foolproof and when does society need to change the rules? Society needs to uphold the same rules for juveniles as it does adults, just on different levels. Most states have a rule for repeat offenders known as 3 strikes youà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢re out. Three times of repeating and they serve a life sentence. Juveniles should be held to the same standards. If they are processed through the juvenile system and repeat offenses three times, then they should be moved up the ladder and processed through the adult judicial system.

Multimedia :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Multimedia, or mixed-media, systems offer presentations that integrate effects existing in a variety of formats, including text, graphics, animation, audio, and video. Such presentations first became commercially available in very primitive form in the early 1980s, as a result of advances that have been made in digital compression technology-- particularly the difficult area of image compression. Multimedia online services are obtainable through telephone/computer or television links, multimedia hardware and software exist for personal computers, networks, the internet, interactive kiosks and multimedia presentations are available on CD-ROMs and various other mediums. The use of multimedia in our society has it benefits and it’s drawbacks, most defiantly. Some of the more computer-related uses of multimedia, such as electronic publishing, the internet, and computers in education will be discussed in depth thought this paper.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electronic publishing is the publishing of material in a computer-accessible medium, such as on a CD-ROM or on the Internet. In a broader sense of the term it could also include paper products published with the aid of a desktop publishing program, or any form of printing that involves the use of a computer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reference works became available in the mid-1980s both in CD-ROM format and online. Increasingly, in the 1990s, magazines, journals, books, and newspapers have become available in an electronic format, and some are appearing in that format only. Companies that publish technical manuals to accompany their other products have also been turning to electronic publishing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electronic books have been recently introduced to the world as a whole. This new concept is the use of internet or otherwise computer technology to electronically convert books to a digital, readable format viewed on a television set or computer screen. This would most likely be done by scanning in individual pages in a book, arrange them in orderly fashion, and have users be able to cycle back and forth between the photo-identical pages. This method would be very quick, and very easy to accomplish- that is- scanning pages as opposed to re-typing millions of words is preferred. This brings us to another method in electronic book production- the interactive method. In digital format, the book’s pages can only be viewed, just like a book. If a reader would want to take notes from a book, he/she would have to write down the notes by hand, or would be forced to photo-copy the page(s). If the book was typed out entirely as would be done by an electronic word processor such as Microsoft Word, users would greatly benefit. The ability for the computer to recognize the words on the screen as actual words as opposed to mere

Explain how the transfer of capital can be influenced by world trading organisations and financial institutions? Essay

The transfer of capital is influenced by three main organisations and financial institutions; these are the World Trade organisation (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The organisations don’t literally deal with companies and countries money, but instead guide and work together to make trade easier and also to encourage developing countries to trade in order to develop further. The WTO has been set up with around 150 countries, with over 30 planning on joining in the near future. They are set up to encourage trade between countries, but also to ensure the trade is fair and legitimate. The WTO works by particular people representing each country to discuss any trade problems and to ensure everybody is treated equally. One of the largest problems the WTO has had to deal with is the â€Å"banana wars†, where countries in the Caribbean and Latin America have been allowed free trade since 1975, with no excess fee to Europe as they were part of their colony. Although the WTO is far more focused on a global aspect of trade, paying focus to both developed and developing countries, the IMF is far more focused on developing countries, especially those that are in need of financial support or aid. One of the most recent cases the IMF aided was the Haiti earthquake in January 2010, they cleared the $268 million worth of debt as well as giving financial aid over the next few years in order to help build up the economy and their infrastructure. The IMF does however rely on other perhaps more developed countries to donate to this fund, and then they are responsible for making the decision on whether or not to offer financial support to a country. Unlike the IMF the world Bank is perhaps more focused on a long term plan in supporting developing and poorer countries, one of their main focuses is sustainability, providing education, resources and opportunities for countries to improve their economy. A good example of this is the Morocco solar plant project, where a solar plant has been built and shall grow over the years to come, it can already power up to 1million homes over a year and with extension may be able transfer some of this energy to European countries as we are further away from the Equator, which encourages morocco to trade over a longer period. In conclusion, there has to be a good setup for trade as trade has become one of the most important factors involved in a development of a country and often, countries can be treated unfairly. It’s important for everybody in the world to have equal opportunities and for the better developed countries to help developing countries as quite often this is to their benefit.

Big Two-Hearted River Essay

Big Two-Hearted River is a two-part short story by Ernest Hemingway about a returning soldier’s fishing trip. The story is composed entirely out of description of what Nick Adams, the protagonist and only character in the story, is doing while on his fishing trip. Although it is not explicitly stated in the short story, it can be inferred that Nick Adams is a war veteran returning to his hometown to try to enjoy his life as he used to before the war. The story may seem nothing at first and may appear as mere descriptions of every action and thoughts of the character, but a closer look would reveal that the story is like an iceberg—hiding the majority of what the author is really trying to say. Deciphering the Story A good deal of reading between the lines would have to be done in interpreting Hemingway’s short story, for a casual, non-critical reader would not find any meaning in the narration of the story. The short story suffers from excessive amounts of description. Every detail of the environment and actions is described vividly. Hemingway does this so much in the story to the point that it almost gets boring. Yet, beneath the surface of the descriptions lies the story’s significance. The whole thing about describing in excess may have been intentional. Hemingway may have intended this to show how distracted the mind of Nick is—Nick is unable to focus on anything except to react on what is upon him. Probably, the only time when he has thought of an idea outside of fishing is when he recalls his memories of Hopkins. â€Å"He could remember an argument about it with Hopkins, but not which side he had taken† (Hemingway 4). The part where Nick thinks about Hopkins show clues that they have been to the war. â€Å"Hopkins went away when the telegram came. That was on the Black River. It took eight days for the telegram to reach him. Hopkins gave away his 22–caliber Colt automatic pistol to Nick† (Hemingway 5). The telegram that Hopkins received was probably a telegram saying that he has been drafted in the army, like most men of proper age during the war. Hopkins probably died in the war because they never saw him again. Symbolism in the story best describes the hidden meaning of the short story. The grasshoppers Nick found symbolize the soldiers and their condition during the war. â€Å"The grasshopper was black†¦They were all black†¦they had all turned black from living in the burned-over land (Hemingway 2). The black grasshoppers symbolize the soldiers who all wear the same uniform, and when they returned home, they either find out that their towns have been decimated or they have been permanently scarred by the traumas of the war, or if they are unlucky enough, both. Nick said to one of the grasshoppers clinging on to his sock, â€Å"Fly away somewhere† (Hemingway 2). It symbolizes what Nick is actually doing at the river—he is trying to escape the traumas of the war. One particular line in the story symbolizes the condition of the soldiers at war. â€Å"They flew when they hopped. At first they made one flight and stayed stiff when they landed, as though they were dead† (Hemingway 5). The grasshoppers represent the soldier—soldiers are flown in battle, but the horrors of war shock them. Conclusion The story appears to be nothing but a description of what a man is doing in his fishing trip, but like an ice berg, about 90% of its mass, or in this case, meaning, is not seen because it is hidden beneath the narration. Only moderate clues and close reading of the text would reveal the rest of story that gives it significance. Work Cited Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"The Big Two-Hearted River. † Olearyweb. com. 28 Apr. 2009 .

buy custom Date Humor and Leadership Style essay

buy custom Date Humor and Leadership Style essay The augmentation of constructive psychology throughout the latest years signifies a move from the precedent unconstructive sequence to the present optimistic psychological and fitness-focused aspects. Observations on humor are amongst them. Humor is a multi-faceted and compound notion that is generally functional in psychology, learning and collective communication. It is deemed to hold the similar notion as positive individual attributes, for instance, hopefulness, faith and bravery. It adds the enjoyment to our everyday life, aids people to cope with tension and supports individual charm and interpersonal connection. Nonetheless, research on humor is rarely implemented at the workplace and problems as mental strength of employees, office acquaintance or organizational behavior, leadership pattern, organizational culture, performance and novelty are infrequently looked at. In truth, the impact of humor on private psychological condition can be broadened to the group. Avolio et al. ( 219) showed that humor was an essential feature and furthermore, the capability of leaders. Leaders continually convey this characteristic to alter their assistants and adherents. The humorous and stirring headship, escapes from doctrinal and reinforces followers with more freedom, via appealing and inspirational interactive conduct for the definitive aim of attaining organizational targets and improving leadership efficiency. Dwight D. Eisenhower stated that A sense of humor is part of the art of leadership, of getting along with people, of getting things done. Workplace communication is basically related to verbal and written contact, and for those concerned in leadership ranks, verbal communication evidently prevails. In line with one study, leaders regularly spend between 60%-90% of their time in head to head communication, and between 30%-60% of their time conversing with their followers in the workplace. Clouse and Spurgeon (1-24) stated that humor is a priceless way of attaining transactional plus relational leadership purposes, and others identify the importance of humor with reference to analytical, administrative, and intervening variances. Furthermore, humor encourages a vigorous exchange of thoughts, however might as well operates to 'bring people back into line', and to assist in controlling subsidiaries' behavior. Rus (922) mentioned that at the heart of the leaders of law implementation groups achievement, is the capacity to inspire workers to perform. Whilst some may visualize such impact in terms of power, vigor, supremacy, and control, it can also be slight. Certainly, any chief can employ their executive status inside of a division or a group to acquire deed from the staff. But, the most flourishing leaders employ their personal traits to encourage their employees. Rus (922) argues leadership as an Art, noting that successful leaders are those who take advantage of their individual vigor to persuade others and accomplish results, time after time, even when they progress from one task into a different one. Staff is attentive and reacts to them. As numerous workers endeavor superiority at work by character, most outshine, since the companys leaders generate an encouraging ambience, which involves eminent interactions with friends, subsidiaries, and superiors. For leaders at workplace, humorous headship might not be the chief decisive factor for business achievement; however it is exceedingly imperative for structuring an efficient and effective team that possesses superior excellence. Conger considered that recurrent application of humor by leaders at workplace was a successful approach to motivate or re-establish confidence. Davis and Kleiner (1) also suggested that leaders could attain three considerable upshots via the usage of humor, namely; 1) decreased stress at work; 2) assisted subordinates in recognizing leaders managing patterns through the contact amongst them, and; 3) enthused subordinates or adherents. Likewise, Craumer (3) also deemed that leaders could aid subordinates in adapting to one another and alleviate the pressure and stress among them, through the implementation of humor. This reveals the vital connection task that humor deploys in workplace communications. In addition to determining the discomfiture ensuing from d iverse standpoints, it helps preserve high-quality interpersonal association among team members and heighten the partner caring and respect. For leaders themselves, humor, moreover, signifies a positive outlook to help them cope with hardships effectively without being overpowered. Avolio et al. (219) carried out an experiential scrutiny on the link between leadership and humor. Surveys were handed out to 120 leaders and 320 subordinates within a big Canadian monetary organization. The intent of the research was to weigh the impact of humor against leadership performance in distinct leadership methods, to embrace transformational, conditional reward, and unautocratic leadership approaches. They evaluated the rate of the leaders employment of humor, and connected their result with members success. Outcomes point to distinctions in a variety of leadership styles with regard to the leaders exploitation of humor and subordinates efficiency. A quantitative breakdown demonstrates that transactional leadership is absolutely associated with the utilization of humor and to subordinates presentation. Contingent incentive leadership explains a constructive relationship, just for the use of humor, except that it is unconstructively linked to subordinates performance. Liber al leadership, conversely, is negatively correlated with humor and followers performance simultaneously. These results are sustained by Decker and Rotondo (451) who examined 359 questionnaires from graduates of a management academy. Similar to Avolio et al., they too, discovered that humor improves leadership effectiveness. Specifically, it initiated augmented views of complimentary assignments and relational activities, and was professed as comprising an encouraging consequence on the leaders efficacy. Harry Truman once stated that Anyone who has had the job Ive had and didnt have a sense of humor wouldnt still be here. To the degree that a group lauds humor, its successful exploitation can contribute to an individuals standing or reputation. Not all worklaces support humor, yet, and at times the workplace comic is perceived as troublesome, and turns out to be the attention of displeasure. Alternatively, humor can provide the individual with a practical self-protection or managing plan. Humor can as well be a way of self-discovery, mainly of hard or awkward information. To reach out a thriving usage of managerial humor Dewitte and Verguts (17) suggested three categories of jokes. Set one jokes is unsuccessful in drawing out a funny reaction (e.g. laughter) founded on an unexciting premise. For instance, a little child saying a joke to a grown-up would be improbable to bring out a laugh. Set two jokes are effective because they implement the true equilibrium between originality and tolerable content which bring out laughter or new forms of humorous reaction, whether cognitive or expressive. Set three jokes dont succeed in generating humorous reaction, for they are excessively ridiculous or unpleasant. A person might try to use effective organizational humor related to purpose and opinion. Successful employment of humor in groups is related not only to category number two humor tries, founded upon comprehending the individual, but as well upon endeavors being taken as humorous by all the groups constituents. At its utmost, collective humor leads to a feeling of pleasure that derives not from producing it, but from distributing it. Carrica stated that lots of academics have acknowledged the significant forthcoming function that humor takes within groups. For instance, Carrica noted that humor is an instrument by which social players try to attain purposeful finishes. Foot proposed that, functionally, there are little new practical social talents than humor. If Foot is accurate, then it is necessary for leaders and managers to acquire how to integrate humor into their selection of communication aptitudes. Bob Ross supported the idea that A leader without a sense of humor is apt to be like the grass mower at the cemetery he has lots of people under him, but nobody is paying him any attention. Every management communication action represents both a duty and a social facet. The useful viewpoint of leadership communication deals with task and social conducts that assist organizations to operate more successfully and proficiently. This practical perception has also been implemented to the usage of humor as a model of communication. Though some have proposed that humorousness is merely a decisive feature of leaders, others have accentuated the useful role of humor. For instance, Benne and Sheats (30) depicted joking as one of the attitudes pinpointing to the corresponding role of group maintenance. Benne and Sheats (30) noted the significance of humor as a leadership function to facilitate the reduction of tensions among group associates. Evidently, humor is an indispensable factor to leaders communication preference. As a way into social power, humor may operate as strength to convey agreement or censure of acts, chiefly disapproval of group norms infringements. By entertainingly providing an instance of unsuitable behavior, humor can be exploited not only to direct behavior, but as well to highlight group values and ethics. It is discovered that humor brought about a social weight on employees to obey the rules inspired employees who were not abiding by work codes. Plenty of research has inspected the role of humor in increasing consistency among group affiliates. As such, Benne and Sheats (30) proposed that humor might develop self-confidence by reducing social space of group members, by preventing clash, and by supplying familiar basis. They also discovered that persons resort to humor as an implication of support or fondness, and as means to offer new members, a feeling of comfort in the working environment. Pogrebin and Poole (183) offered three roles of humor that function to put up and uphold group unity. Foremost, humor permits group associates to allocate general experiences and to explore the attitudes, views, and feelings of other group members in a non-intimidating style. Humor helps interpret a persons worry into a group matter, hence strengthening group cohesion. Next, humor encourages social harmony through the joint joking which permits group members to understand that they share a joint perception. This "laughter of inclusion," in addition to humor intended for people outside the set, helps identify social limitations. Third, groups employ humor as a way of communication plan in handling a variety of forces outside their direct power. For instance, "gallows humor" permits group members to laugh at their troubles, representing society and empowering group solidity. Group members exploit humor to convey understanding with each other's affections and to tolerate emotional isolation from a theme by controlling unusual circumstances. Romero and Cruthirds (58) study suggested that there are diverse humor patterns to involve affiliative humor, self-enhancing humor, hostile humor, mild aggressive humor, and self-defeating humor. Those who apply affiliative humor jokes with others draw them with styles of humor that stresses on improving social communications. Affiliative humor resembles social oil that eases up interpersonal relations and produces an optimistic environment. People with self-enhancing humor have a funny perception of life and are not excessively concerned by its foreseeable misfortunes. Individuals, who use aggressive humor, regularly try to control others by indirect warnings of mockery. Aggressive humor can be employed to oppress, demean and induce other kinds of belittling. Romero and Cruthirds (58) consider that easygoing aggressive humor can have constructive roles. For instance, their study has determined that viewing other members being laughed at is associated with compliant attitudes, which is positive in unified teams. It moreover tolerates expression of difference and trouble, without unconstructive distress, while the meaning is sent in a teasing manner. People, who develop self-defeating humor, mock themselves in an effort to entertain and they look for recognition of others. People, who utilize a reasonable quantity of this humor pattern in organizations frequently aspire to diminish their standing level, and try to be more sociable. In proportion to Brook, it is evident that humor decreases dysfunctional strain. When creating a jokee on a nerve-racking condition, one grows a feeling of supremacy and authority over it. Humor drives people to sense that they are brave; without panic, they undergo a bigger sense of power, which is contrary to tense emotions. This state has been demonstrated countless times in movies, in which personalities encounter a lethal conclusion, and fool about their definite downfall (e.g., James Bond). The humor models recognized previously by Romero and Cruthirds (58) as affilative humor and self-enhancing humor were suggested to be the best approaches to cut strain in groups and organizations based on their study. As they stated, affiliative humor may be executed within a collection to alleviate worry ensuing from demanding occasions, since it crafts a shared environment, in order that anxiety-causing variables are joint, and are handled by all affiliates, so that it brings about a we are in this together state of mind, which is positive when reacting to tension. Self-enhancing humor can be predominantly advantageous in cutting down stress, revealing that persons with an elevated sense of humor were more prone to restructure stressful conditions, so that they were viewed as controllable. George Bernard Shaw stated that If you are going to tell people the truth, youd better make them laugh. Otherwise theyll kill you. For the last several years, people have deemed humor for a dependable individual attribute (Martin et al 75). In fact, the meaning of humor in western civilization was unconstructive at first, and slowly turned constructive. At one time, it was perceived that humor was a multi-faceted model that embraced lampoons, jokes, wits and irony, amongst additional unconstructive attitudes. Conversely, more than a few research also discovered an incoherent affiliation between humor and psychological wellbeing or reaction to strain. For instance, Crawford scrutinized and revealed that people with a significant sense of humor, were not constantly with less bodily infections and symptoms. Brooks discovered that individuals with a high sense of humor were not regularly providing more affirmative feelings. Neither were they more hopeful, self-accommodating and more in authority of the outside world. Martin et al (75) found that individuals with a high sense of humor do not always exhibit higher int erpersonal closeness and an adequate interpersonal bond. Consequently, amongst the distinct humor approaches, there may be some that are harmful for physical and psychological health, and can yet be unsafe and damaging to oneself and others. Affiliative humor Affiliative humor is a constructive humor model in support of others. This is a kind of non-aggressive humor. Affiliative humor highlights social relations. It represents a lubricant that can simply facilitate interpersonal weirdness and edginess and encourageeagerness into social events. Likewise, this model ofhumor comprises a positive association with self-worth, optimism, and a positive mood; it is unconstructively connected with tenseness and anxiety. Self-enhancing humor Self-enhancing humor is a constructive humor approach in support of oneself. These people possess a humorous outlook toward their existence. Whenever they cope with strain or complexity, they motivate themselves by humor and preserve their affirmative consciousness. It is an emotion-adaptable or receptive defense method. Self-enhancing humor is frequently in a constructive association with self-worth, hopefulness and positive temper; it is an unenthusiastic association with anxiety and apprehension (Martin et al 75). This type of humor deals with strengthening ones self-assurance. Aggressive humor It is an unconstructive humor model, and it is harmful to others. This is detrimental humor founded on the dominance conjecture that the spokesman is superior to the others. It combines humor with mockery, irony and jeer, and it is disparaging to the addressees. According to Martin et al.s observation, aggressive humor is absolutely affiliated with unfriendliness, aggression, and tenseness, however still to be investigated whether it has a downbeat outcome on the physical and mental health of people (Martin et al 75). Implementing aggressive humor in an organization is intended to maneuver or regulate team associates via one's feeling of dominance. Self-defeating humor It is an unconstructive humor approach, and is detrimental to oneself. Martin et al. (75) proposed that this was harmful humor as well. The speaker seems to be over disparaging to himself/herself in order to make an impact on others. This is an unselfish defense method that is likely to conceal negative emotions ahead of conflicts, throughout humor. This kind of humor is frequently optimistically interrelated with melancholy and anxiety, and negatively interrelated with self-esteem, contentment and social support fulfillment (Martin et al 75). Activating self-defeating humor in an organization is intended to follow everyone, and get consent from others. Crawford considered that humor is a significant facet of manger-follower relations. Directors that employ humor aptly are deemed by their workers as being more relationship-focused. Results in the academic literature are balanced by a surplus of articles in the accepted journalism, which praise the premises of humor for strengthening affiliations, and are also confirmed by numerous examples of eccentric, yet efficient leaders who have tied together the influence of humor, to assemble bonds with their workers. In accordance with Holmes (119), leaders employ a number of discursive agendas in order to incorporate lots of diverse facets of successful contact in their daily relations. In several workplaces, humor is one of these stratagems: humor is an apparent way of attaining relational action and generates a priceless route of engaging various features of successful control. Humor at some degree, is aimed to entertain at all times, and however also achieves a broad spectrum of further objectives. Research performed by Hay, evaluated discussions among friends and defined three inclusive-functions of humor: (1) to accentuate strength differences; (2) to create or preserve unity within the organization; (3) to supply self-preservation, namely, humor employed in self-protection. Buy custom Date Humor and Leadership Style essay

Rosa Parks essays

Rosa Parks essays On December 1, 1955, seamstress Mrs. Rosa Parks, was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama for not standing and letting a white bus rider take her seat, she was found guilty of the crime of disorderly conduct with a fine of fourteen dollars. She was arrested for violating a city law that required all blacks to sit in separate rows on the buses. She refused to give up her seat in the middle of the row when a white person wished to sit in her row. Blacks had to sit in the back and the front rows were for whites only. Rosa Parks was physically tired, but no more than you or I after a long day's work. In fact, under other circumstances, she would have probably given up her seat willingly to a child or elderly person. But this time Parks was tired of the treatment she and other African Americans received every day of their lives, with the racism, segregation, and laws of the time. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks, was arrested December 1, 1955. (Note: It was an "established rule" in the American sou th (at that time) that African-American bus riders had to sit at the back of the bus. African-American riders were also expected to surrender their seat to a white bus rider if it was needed.) Mrs. Parks was not the first African-American to be arrested for this crime but she was the first to be arrested who was well known in the Montgomery African-American community. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery. He and other African-American community leaders felt a protest of some kind was needed. A meeting was called and an overflowing crowd came to the church to hear his words. Dr. King told the crowd that the only way they could fight back would be to boycott the bus company. Then Dr. King and the other African-American community leaders held another meeting to organize future action. They named their organization the Montgomery Improvement Association and elected Dr. King as its president. ...

Saturated Definition - Chemistry Glossary

Saturated Definition - Chemistry Glossary The terms saturated and saturation may have different meanings in chemistry, depending on the context in which they are used. Here are the three most common definitions: Saturated Definition #1 This chemistry definition refers to a saturated compound. A saturated substance is one in which the atoms are linked by single bonds. A fully saturated compound contains no double or triple bonds. Alternatively, if a molecule contains double or triple bonds, it is considered to be unsaturated. Example: ethane (C2H6) is a saturated hydrocarbon that has no double or triple bonds, while ethylene has a CC double bond and ethyne has a carbon-carbon triple bond. An organometallic complex is said to be unsaturated if it has fewer than 18 valence electrons and is therefore exposed to oxidative coordinate or addition of another ligand. Saturated Definition #2 This definition refers to a saturated solution. In this context, saturated refers to a point of maximum concentration, in which no more solute may be dissolved in a solvent. Saturation, in this context, depends on temperature and pressure. Usually, raising the temperature allows a solution to dissolve more solute. Example: When you grow crystals from an aqueous (water) solution, you dissolve as much solute into the water as you can, to the point where no more will dissolve. This produces a saturated solution. Saturated Definition #3 Although not a technical chemistry definition, saturated may mean thoroughly soaked with as much water or other solvent as possible. Example: If a protocol asks you to completely saturate a filter paper with solution, this means to thoroughly wet it. If an atmosphere is at its highest humidity level for a given temperature, it is saturated with water vapor.

Total Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Total - Assignment Example The technique was developed by Albert Humphrey. He led a convention during his stay at Stanford University in the 1960s and the 1970s. He incorporated data from some Fortune500 companies. 2_In Total E&P Ltd we often work in challenging environments and have to strive to achieve our objectives. Please describe your most outstanding non-academic achievement highlighting your approach to any significant difficulties faced in meeting your objective(s). I was a member of the ISC-Student body during my undergraduate study. During the course of my study, I was asked to organize a career expo event. This was the first of its kind event in my college and funds were very limited. The biggest difficulty that I encountered was mobilizing the limited resources I had in achieving my target. I decided to collect and arrange for sponsors. Convincing them was quiet an ordeal as no one was willing to sponsor. Eventually I organized a fund raiser campaign and ended up accomplishing my objective successfully. 3_In Total E&P Ltd, we have a diverse mix of men and women who sometimes have different ideas on how to proceed. The ability to draw on these differences, influence others and then move forward with a common purpose is critical. Please describe a challenging occasion, which required your persuasive skills and your ability to organize other people in order to reach a successful resolution. I had gone to India for a traineeship in 2009 where I was inducted in a trainee apartment which had interns from different backgrounds. In one of our group tasks we had to zero down on a presentation draft for our task. Different people with different temperaments, made it difficult to come up with a theme of the presentation. Eventually, I convinced everyone to let an Indian theme work as the target market is Indian and it will appeal people more if

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paraphrase - Essay Example Determining whether this was an appropriate sample or whether the study was conducted in accordance with experimental testing standards is not possible given the provided information, which detracts somewhat from the study’s reliability. Open kinetic chain and active knee positioning was selected as the means of testing knee position sense because JPS, or the ability to reproduce joint angles, is considered an important component of joint perception and JPS is commonly measured through active ipsilateral matching. It has been suggested that JPS is more sensitive to fatigue than kinesthesia (Skinner et al, 1986) while studies such as Paillard and Brouchon (1974) have suggested that active use of the joint contributes to a clear sense of knee positioning. Because of this more precise conception of the knee’s position, it was hypothesized that this method would provide a more accurate measurement of muscle receptors in the extensor and flexor structures. As part of the published study, the researcher did provide a brief explanation of the data collection method, but further analysis proves the study’s method is insufficient for accurate results. In addition to the problem already mentioned regarding the selection of the study sample, the participants engaged in the data collection process during a single morning session, providing little comparison data and no control group. According to Ribeiro et al (2007), measurements were taken once before applying fatigue protocol and once afterwards. This fatigue protocol is described as 30 repetitions at maximum range of motion on an isokinetic dynamometer, essentially a computerized leg lift machine with additional gauges used to measure various muscle groups within the leg. The rate of activity was set at an angular velocity of 120 s (Ribeiro et al, 2007). To ensure the relevant muscles were properly warmed up before this activity, participants were asked to participate in five minu tes of

Diabetes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Diabetes - Essay Example Additionally, it is caused because the produced insulin do not work properly commonly referred to insulin resistance. The disease is developed when the proper amount of glucose cannot enter the cells of a body to be utilized as fuel. This happen when there is limited insulin helpful in unlocking the cells or if there is no enough insulin to work in a proper manner(Matthews, 2008). Diabetes is caused by bacterial or viral infection, chemical toxins found within the food, and unidentified components that cause autoimmune reaction. The above named causes are termed as autoimmune reaction or autoimmune causes, this is because the body attack themselves. The second types of diabetes are normally multifactorial. This type of obesity is caused by living sedentary lifestyle, increasing age, poor diet, and obesity. Diabetes can also be caused by other illness and pregnancy. The symptoms of diabetes are typical. However, those with type 2 diabetes have symptoms that can go unnoticed. Some of the conventional symptoms for diabetes include urinating often, feeling thirsty, feeling hungry though you are eating, extreme fatigue and restlessness, blurry vision, bruises and cuts that are slow to heal, weight loss despite eating, and numbness, pain, tingling on hands. When detected early and treated early, can reduce the risk of complicating the disease (Stehouwer, 2009).   People with diabetes need to change their lifestyle. Normally, they need addition treatment like medication in controlling their blood pressure, blood fats, and diabetes. Medication cannot be substituted to taking regular exercise and healthy diet. Therefore, one needs to take diabetes medication, transplant of Islet cell, and use of insulin. When diabetes medication is carried out the blood glucose, level will lower and there are various different types that work in different ways. People with diabetes will medication and treatment such as insulin. Some of the

Aviation history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Aviation history - Essay Example h their mission considering that it had the advantage of using airships, which were only able to drop 300 tons of bombs despite the capability to drop a big number where more damages and loss of lives could have been recorded. Moreover, Germany failed to make any economic value from the war as it incurred more loss from the war owing to its big expenditure budget, which was five time the cost of damage on Britain’s property. Lastly, more than a half of German’s airships were destroyed while only 40% of the German’s service branch engaged in the war were able to return back home (Payne, 2008). According to Payne (2008), the actual impact of the air raids from German’s airships was considerably low but same cannot be said of the psychological effect that it had on the civilians and the kin of British service men who were based overseas. The German airships and in particular the Zeppelin as a weapon of war created more fear among the British citizens and it contributed to a complete lose of military and civil morale, which made it appear as if the Germans had already won the war, since everyone was asking themselves how they will survive such weapons of mass destruction. Payne, D. (2008). The Bombing of Britain in the Great War: The Western Front Association. Retrieved from: http://www.westernfrontassociation.com/component/content/article/121- aerial-warfare/876-bombing-britain-war.html. Accessed on

Case Study of Target Company Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Of Target Company - Case Study Example In the evaluation of the cash dimensions, attempt is made to identify and determine whether the reported earnings are supported by the cash flow. For instance, cash flow would holdup incomes for a firm that has provided its clients with prolonged payment agreements or that has accrued inventory in expectation of augmented future sales. Such lagging cash flow would blight earnings quality on the cash dimension. The balance sheet plays a very vital document in assessing the quality of earnings of a firm. The term position quality is commonly referred to the balance sheet when used to calculate the quality of earnings. The position quality is impaired if the assets of the firm are carried at amounts that surpass the fair value or when obligations are carried at amount less than that required to liquidate them (Lewis & Indiana University, Bloomington, 2007). Quality of earnings analysis is, therefore, an essential characteristic of the assessment process is obtaining a clear comprehension of the targets quality of earnings. An evaluation of the quality and sustainability of incomes should be carried out early. Evaluations enable an earlier encouragement or a dissuasion conclusion and certify that baseline assessment methods are rational and impregnable in the determination of pricing and other deal terms. Comprehending the sustainability of earnings and how that influences on business deal value and forecast modeling is vital to sail across the exceptional features of any deal. The intension of this summary information on discrete companies hence is to enable more emphasis and consideration on one or more dimensions of quality of earnings. For instance, might pinpoint non-recurring additions that thought to have reduced the companys incomes on the persistence approach. Alternatively, lessening cash flow may be the objective, impairing q uality of earnings on the cash aspect. Finally, for some firms might look at the balance

Assignment2-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assignment2-1 - Essay Example Reconstruction was a failure in the South, as the white Southerners placed several obstacles in the way of African-American political participation. With the abolition of slavery through the Thirteenth Amendment of 1865, African-Americans sought political participation. This was bitterly opposed by the white Southerners, who were granted the right by President Johnson to form new governments. They passed the Black Code, denying African-Americans the right to buy or lease land, to vote, to attend public schools, to testify against whites or serve on juries and continue to toil as servants for their former masters. Racial supremacists, like the Ku Klux Klan, resorted to violence and lynching of African-Americans. The race riots in Memphis and New Orleans in 1866 saw the blatant massacre of eighty-nine African-Americans. The radical Republican Congress, although it overrode President Johnson’s obstinate resistance to reconstruction, and resorted to the use of federal troops in th e South, could not achieve its objectives due to the severe economic depression in the South, the racism inherent in generations of white Southerners and the electoral malpractices resorted to by them. 2 In the light of the new constitutional legislation enacted by the Republican Congress, the Reconstruction may be viewed as a success. The Fourteenth Amendment of 1868 guaranteed Blacks civil rights and equality before the law; the Fifteenth Amendment of 1870 mandated racially impartial voting rights; the Civil Rights Act of 1875 banned racial segregation. The Freedmen’s Bureau, whose powers were expanded by Congress, assisted former slaves to assert their rights. Several former slaves, including Oscar Dunn, Francis Cardozo, John Menard, Jasper White and Hiram Revels, held legislative office, and entered the Congress, the Senate and the judiciary. 3 Equal civil and political rights for African-Americans were ensured by such

Case Study of Target Company Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Of Target Company - Case Study Example In the evaluation of the cash dimensions, attempt is made to identify and determine whether the reported earnings are supported by the cash flow. For instance, cash flow would holdup incomes for a firm that has provided its clients with prolonged payment agreements or that has accrued inventory in expectation of augmented future sales. Such lagging cash flow would blight earnings quality on the cash dimension. The balance sheet plays a very vital document in assessing the quality of earnings of a firm. The term position quality is commonly referred to the balance sheet when used to calculate the quality of earnings. The position quality is impaired if the assets of the firm are carried at amounts that surpass the fair value or when obligations are carried at amount less than that required to liquidate them (Lewis & Indiana University, Bloomington, 2007). Quality of earnings analysis is, therefore, an essential characteristic of the assessment process is obtaining a clear comprehension of the targets quality of earnings. An evaluation of the quality and sustainability of incomes should be carried out early. Evaluations enable an earlier encouragement or a dissuasion conclusion and certify that baseline assessment methods are rational and impregnable in the determination of pricing and other deal terms. Comprehending the sustainability of earnings and how that influences on business deal value and forecast modeling is vital to sail across the exceptional features of any deal. The intension of this summary information on discrete companies hence is to enable more emphasis and consideration on one or more dimensions of quality of earnings. For instance, might pinpoint non-recurring additions that thought to have reduced the companys incomes on the persistence approach. Alternatively, lessening cash flow may be the objective, impairing q uality of earnings on the cash aspect. Finally, for some firms might look at the balance

Child Development Punishment and Deterrence Essay Example for Free

Child Development Punishment and Deterrence Essay When discuss children and issues that we have with them we to be sensitive and have a sympathetic ear meaning we have to listen before we disciple them. We will discuss how to use techniques and solutions that can prevent our children from committing mistakes that can be fatal. With children now they have pretty much gotten away with disrespecting no just adults and the parent but themselves as well. So we find ways to discipline them by taking away video game and leisure time but that sometimes does work why, is because we have spent so much time buying things to occupy their time due to our absence and lack of discipline when the time is appropriate. Now the child has gotten away with so much while he or she is little they tend to be more bold with words and more disrespectful and then we have had it and want them out or we want help from others if you ask me it’s no one else’s business it should stay in the family. This is because if this gets out about your child misbehaving it can go both ways, it can help you ask far reaching out for help because others have the same problems and can’t find a solution so the group can work together and find ways to fix the problem. Or you can take your child to Dr. Phil which to me is embarrassing because you actually have to expose this problem to the world about a child! You can’t raise your or control your household where you pay bills, and provide a roof with food and water available at any time â€Å"DISRESPECTFUL†. We tend to use the old ways of punishment like belts and extension cords etc. But you can’t do that anymore we have counseling, psychiatrists, and the law! I say the law because now if you hit a child and he or she calls the police you’re going to jail and will be frowned upon and possibly humiliated. The belt method in my opinion should be used from ages 2-10 I know it sound harsh but I rather punish my child now than see them in a grave later because of lack of acknowledgement of what right and what’s wrong this could be a life and death situation. Here is an example remember the â€Å"Menendez Brothers† Lyle and Erik Menendez shoot their parents, Jose and Kitty, to death in the den of the familys Beverly Hills, California, home. They then drove up to Mulholland Drive, where they dumped their shotguns before continuing to a local movie theater to buy tickets as an alibi. When the pair returned home, Lyle called 911 and cried, Somebody killed my parents! The Menendez murders became a national sensation when the new television network, Court TV, broadcast the trial in 1993. Although the Menendez brothers were not immediately suspected, Erik couldnt take the guilt and confessed his involvement to his psychotherapist, Dr. L. Jerome Oziel. Ignoring his own ethical responsibilities, Dr. Oziel taped the sessions with his new patient in an apparent attempt to impress his mistress. But the woman ended up going to the police with her information and, in March 1990, Lyle, 22, and Erik, 19, were arrested. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-menendez-brothers-murder-their-parents Now we can debate why did these children do this? Is it because of lack of punishment maybe the kids were spoiled and had nothing to challenge them and decided to make names for them by creating a violent episode, or maybe they we sick psychologically what do you think? More than 20% of the inmates in the cook county jail range from ages 16-30. This is very true because crime for these individuals have risen due to the fact of single home parenting while results in most cases kids joining gangs and being embraced by the streets. I have a clue but I can’t really tell you why these crimes are so high it’s like they have little no regards for the law. But we have to teach them when they are young and encourage them to do better and live a long life and show them why crime doesn’t pay versus telling them. No as far as deterrence this is a problem and I’m going to tell you of my experience being a soldier put in that position. In 2005 Hurricane Katrina hit Louisiana it was so tragic that for everyone to see around the world was involved in the recovery efforts. I volunteered to go down and do whatever so I served as a second hand but only in uniform. But when my unit got called up to go down there we had a mission to patrol the streets and put up road blocks and issue a curfew. This was not good we had stopped a few people and I could see the terror in their eyes because they had men in uniform that had US Army insignia with M-16’s like we were at war. We were supposed to be helping others not putting more resistance on them as far as taking away there last bit of freedom but we had no choice because the police were corrupt and had fled the state so we were now the lawmen as well as the rescuers. Here we are with these large vehicles rolling down the street 5-10 HUMVEE’s in a row with all this gear, this made people more afraid that safe they didn’t know what to do. But the point is that if we launch our on people against each other its’ like genocide what would happen if you had relative that were known for trouble in Kentucky and you are deployed down there and have to confront one of them in an effort to clean up and make peace this is difficult do you arrest them, talk to them, engage them your own blood? Military should be the last and final resort. I just believe the FBI and its task force should be deployed in a summer and take over the streets because they carry stiffer penalties when you commit crimes of violent nature such as murder and possession of firearms etc. References (http://www.nicic.gov/) http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-menendez-brothers-murder-their-parents

Financing A New Venture On Entrepreneurs Point Of View Finance Essay

Financing A New Venture On Entrepreneurs Point Of View Finance Essay Introduction Starting a business is the dream of many people and the sole option to others. There are many reasons why a person would be willing to start-up their own company but independently of the reason, many of the new entrepreneurs get stuck right in one of the first and very important steps when it comes to start its venture: financial funds to do the jumpstart, also known for the term seed funding. It is vital to any type of company to have funds enough to start the business and hold the cash flow positive for the starting months until the company is able to finance itself. Many entrepreneurs are luckily enough to hold financial aids from personal savings or from the well known 3Fs: Family, Friends and Fools. Others need to lend money from outer financial sources, such as banks and government agencies. By lending money from others  [1]  , the entrepreneur is doing a commitment to pay the money back plus interests over the borrowed money. Other newer alternatives are the concept of business angels and venture capitalists whose invest in the start-up with the required amount of capital but they expect a portion of the company in return. Cite previous research in the area. It needs a bit more text to introduce the reader to the concepts we are going to present in the document. Background Financial institutions became an important mechanism of injecting money into all stages of businesses; from start-ups to expanding companies. Many literatures have written about available options in financing new business ventures and some interesting conclusions have been released; however due to the geographic focus of this work, there have not been found any similar work in which could replace this study. There are many available options widely used for entrepreneurs in developed countries to get money for start-up their businesses, but in the developing nations most people lack knowledge about new venture financing, therefore limiting available sources. Hence, this thesis will examine the most common options available in Brazil and Thailand and compare such options with the most used in the developed nations expecting to provide more insights to the entrepreneurs in the studying countries that out there are other available options. Definitions Limitation of the study Due to time constraints, it has been necessary to scope down the object of research to a narrowed picture. The study is focused on the financing of new venture in newly start-up product oriented business as it is in the field which match the writers personal interests. Additionally, there is a limitation in size that paper must accomplish. Moreover, the writers have intention of focus their study in developing nations attempting to find the pitfalls that prevent such countries to grow. Therefore been Brazilian and Thai, it is their personal willing to base the thesis in their nationalities. This study might not reflect the entire population of the countries due to the size of both nations. However, this thesis is an empirical study which tries to be as closest as possible of the reality. Countries Brazil Brazil is a developing nation South America, been the 5th largest country in the World both in territory and in population. It is a land of great biodiversity where lies the Amazon rain-forest which accounts for 20% of the words fresh water and oxygen generation. Brazil started to rise as a major economic power in the world stage after been nominated as part of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) as the great powers of the globe by 2050. In terms of growth, currently Brazil is the 7th largest economy  [2]  in the planet in which main exporting areas are agriculture, mining, oil, manufacturing and services. Recently, its middle and higher classes overtook the number of poor setting the mark of 65% of the entire population  [3]  . The country is predicted to grow in fast pace, achieving in 2030 a quality of life of the population similar to the current in the major European countries. Thailand Thailand is located in South East Asia, been the 50th largest country and 21st most populous country in the world with approximately 65 million people  [4]  , and been the second largest economy in South East Asia after Indonesia. Thailands economy is mainly based on exports of rice, rubber, sugar cane and corn even though tourism plays big role. Because of its richness in natural resources  [5]  , Thailand have its own charming to attract foreign investors, and once had been called as the coming fifth Asians tiger. Initial financial aid To any new company, assets are mandatory. Even the simplest company would need some sort of asset, been human or other resources. Assets would be acquired in many manners, but the most common and easy way is to buy, lease, rent or hire, thus, paying in cash. Additionally, money is needed to keep cash flow positive and some spare for savings in case of an emergency. Furthermore, money is also needed in order to keep the company competitive in the industrial landscape. Therefore, for the great majority of companies, seed money is required in order to satisfy these needs. Focus on small business start-ups Small businesses are responsible for employing more people in developing nations than bigger corporations (show some study here). Additionally most of the developing countries have small businesses owned by nationals, hence leading to keep the money and profit of the company within the origin country. Moreover, most successful entrepreneurs has small businesses as a starting point, hence this study is rewarding in terms of possible usage by business owners aspirants in the referenced nations. Concentration in product oriented businesses Nowadays, businesses are mainly split between two major categories: services and product oriented. Services account for the biggest chunk of the pie, however products oriented business are the spark plug to trigger innovation and lead to further development. The choice for studying product oriented business over services is led by the desire of the writers in bringing innovation and entrepreneurship to their home countries. Additionally, there are personal interests in pursuing such business field in the near future. Surveyed entrepreneurs profile As part of the study, an online survey was conducted with product oriented manufacturing companies in Brazil and Thailand in which have survived from at least 5 years. A sample of 20 companies of each country spread onto different states were selected to take part of the survey, in order to make a more concise picture of the nation, not only focusing on particular regions. By selecting companies with at least 5 years in business, the authors ensures that the chosen entrepreneur has a successful business as it is known to be the baseline to consider the company successful. Objective This study has the main objective to elucidate the possible options of seed financing the entrepreneurs have, outlining the pros and cons of each given option and providing a basic guideline on how to obtain such investments. The outcome of this study should have enough information to the entrepreneur be able to select the most viable option of financing based on the nature of the business, required amount of investment and for how long it is expected to have the loan fully paid. Goals Review this text and merge with the above to shrink everything The final results which writers expect from this thesis are to obtain the knowledge based on the financial entrepreneur which related to the program study. Additionally, this paper would provide the reader information and statistical data regarding the available sources of financial institutions, pros and cons of each available sources, the trends of entrepreneur and their behaviours on financing new business venture in both Brazil and Thailand. Due to the analysis in this paper, writers are expected to summarize all data and provide the new possible method which could be match with people in both countries. The aim of this work is to show the various financing options to entrepreneurs whose want to form product oriented companies in Brazil and in Thailand and provide insights of the most financially viable options available in the studied markets. Literature Review Brief about entrepreneur and job creation It is widely known that the word entrepreneur comes from the French word emprendere which means to undertake in English. Joseph Schumpeter, an Austrian economist in summary has defined an entrepreneur as a person who creates wealth by combining various input factors in an innovative manner to generate value to the customer with the hope that this value will exceed the cost of the input factors. Additionally to that, it is understood nowadays that the entrepreneur is someone able to undertake challenges, innovate and create an organization out of it. Entrepreneurs have the power of creating companies. By starting point, normally the ventures created start small and expand along the way. Micro and Small companies employ the major part of the labour force within a country in the majority of the countries. As an estimation of the potential of the Micro and Small businesses in terms of job creation, 52% of all regularly employed people in Brazil in 2010 were employed by such companies size which accounts for approximately 13 million people, according to an employment study done by a governmental agency  [6]  . World Bank shows the very same percentage of employment for Small and Medium sized enterprises in Thailand according to a study done in 1997  [7]  . Figures can vary greatly on each nation, but normally numbers favours Micro and Small organizations than Medium or the bigger ones, thus showing the great importance Small and Micro business have in any country, specially in developing nations such as the ones part of our study. Forms of business entities Choosing the correct form of business entity is an important decision when starting a business. Not all entities are suitable for raising substantial amount of capital or are flexible enough to allow growth within the expected level. With a little forethought and the ability to understand the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of entities, the venture might have the capability to achieve the expected goals. The most common business forms are sole proprietorships, corporations, limited liability companies and partnerships which are briefly explained below. Sole Proprietorship From a literature written by Willam et al. (2000, page 5)  [8]  , a sole proprietorship is a business owned and controlled by a single person and paying the applicable taxes on his or her personal income tax return. A sole proprietor has unlimited personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business and cannot sell equity to fund operations or expand the business. As a sole proprietor, one can use debt to finance operations, but will be personally liable for the repayment. Corporation A corporation is a legal entity or person created to conduct business by acquiring assets, hiring employees, paying taxes and facing pertinent legal issues  [9]  , according to William et al, 2000, page 7. The corporation carries on business in its own name and shareholders, officers and directors, and the employees are not personally liable for its acts. A corporation has appropriate structure for long term life-time as the model allows a wide variety of financing options, hence allowing existences continuity. Partnership A partnership involves two or more people carrying on a business together and sharing the profits and losses  [10]  William et al, 2000, page 6. Depending on the level of ownership and/or agreement, all partners are expected to have similar liabilities, obligations and responsibilities. All profits and losses are passed through to the partners according to their percentage of ownership, even if the profits remain in the business to fund continuing operation or expansion. Stages of a regular business Business professors have different views in terms of which the stages of a company are. It can be argued as several or some however, it is concisely known that they vary from 3 to 6 stages, depending on each scholar point of view. Markova Petkovska-Mircevska, 2009  [11]  points us to 4 brief but yet well developed major stages in which a regular company may have in its life-time, which are explained below. Start-up stage The business is in the conceptual phase, yet in the entrepreneurs mind a precious diamond to be lapidated. In this phase, the entrepreneur has as main challenge to convince people. He or she needs to demonstrate his/her idea to potential investors and to potential human resources or employees that the company will succeed. Usually, at this stage, there is no company formed yet. Seed stage Here the venture starts to takes shape. Normally, production has not started at this point, however planning, sketches, prototypes and alliances are been created at this stage. Even though if the company has actually started producing or selling, the product/service still needs to prove it is sellable and profitable, thus still entering to the market. In this stage, the entrepreneur needs to ensure the venture will not run out of money as key resources (personnel or assets) are required. Human resources can be high skilled workers or a marketing professional, which are known to be key factors to a success story. Normally, the company is up to 1 year old since its foundation. Early stage In the early stage the firm is usually expanding, and producing and delivering products or services. It is often less than 5 years old and it may not yet be profitable. Expanding stage In the later stage, also called the expansion stage, at this level of development the firm is mature and profitable, and often still expanding. With a continued high-growth rate, it may go public within 6 months to a year. Types of firms Available start-up funding depends on its long term potential. There are three types of start-up firms  [12]  : lifestyle, middle-market, and high-growth potential firms; according to Markova Petkovska-Mircevska, 2009. Lifestyle firms provide only a living for their founders and accounts for approximately 90% of all start-ups. Due to their limited nature, they are unlikely to attract external financial funding, thus tending to be funded by the entrepreneur. Middle-market companies ranges on 8-9% of all start-ups. This type of firm start to attract external funding as the average growth rate is 20% annually. High-potential organizations are 1% or less of all start-ups. They are very likely to grow over 50% annually and their initial five year revenue projections are very high. Usually such firms demand multiple rounds of external funding from angels and venture capitalists. Financing stages of a new venture Financing may be injected at different stages of a business, per its demand of extra funds. As different businesses might have dissimilarity in growth pattern, many literatures have the stage of financing differently set. According to Singh, 2000  [13]  , the classification of stages of financing are as follow: Early Stage Financing Later Stage Financing Seed Capital Start-ups Second-round finance Expansion finance Replacement capital Turn-arounds Early stage financing Due to its high risk of failure (related to uncertainty of business), many private investors invest in this phase expecting high returns in the business profit. In addition, as the company is still conceptual, smaller amount of investment is needed which attracts investors. Seed Capital Stage Seed capital stage happens when the business start from the conceptual idea. Lucas Peraquito, 2009  [14]  give the description of seed capital funding as early stage where concept or product is under development and the business is not operational. In this seeding stage, there is great chance of failure. I.e.: the product fails to materialize into workable model or the market is not ripe for the product  [15]  as pointed out by Singh, 2000. Due to high risk and uncertainty on this stage, investors are very scarce and normally it is financed by the entrepreneur. However one of the main objectives of this study is to assess it. Start-ups After the idea or products prototype is proved possible for commercialization and there are some indications of potential market for the product, a business plan is developed in this phase as usually here the needs for investors becomes more prominent. Hence, capital investors will look for evidences of entrepreneurs track record and previous experience before join the venture. If there are funds enough, a prototype is developed and tested and feasible production line on initial samples lots is tested. By launching the first sample batch, initial sales can start. In addition, business owner and investors can take a market research on the first batch sales to predict more precisely the amount of investment needed for a full production. In this start-ups stage, risks are higher than seed capital stage because the investments are substantially higher. Second round phase In this stage, the product is in full production and available in the market. As the company is entering into the market and fighting for its market share, competition would start showing its face, forcing the company to strive for survival. Quite often, to survive in a competitive market, new business demands extra injection of equity-alike funding to maintain or exceed its advantages over the competitors. Later Stage financing According to Singh, 2000  [16]  , Later finance is a term used for funding established businesses, which have passed through the hazards of early stage financings, hence, usually less risky. On the other hand, the amount of investment is typically higher due to the companys profile and products value. Expansion finance After the companys core product is strong in the market and continuously profitable, an established business might decide to expand by organic growth or by acquisition. Organic growth means expansion of business into new product line or new markets. Acquisition implies to expansion in the same business field but increase in volume of line production. (It does not seem to be right.Give me this reference) Hence, business plan with effective future development is important to attract venture capital funds in this expansion stage. Replacement Capital Some venture capital companies invest into this replacement capital stage by purchasing existing shares from the entrepreneurs due to potential profit. The fund expects a reasonable income yield to those who sell shares to the fund. The funds are not directly financing the business but there is a possibility for future financing to assist companys expansion. Turn-arounds A turn-around refers to a recovery situation  [17]  . The recovery situation can occur in both early stages and later stage of a business development. Turn-around which occurred in early stage financing usually happen due to lacking of entrepreneur managerial skills or slow respond of market to the product. Later stage turn-around rarely occurs if experienced venture capitalists or business angels are involved. Investors who are willing to invest in companies in turn-around situations have to weigh whether the business has future prospects of profitable growth and if it worth the effort. Needs for external funds business finance option.pdf -> Check it to rephrase and quote the text below There are countless reasons why small businesses seek finance. It is also known that extra money can boost companys ability to deal more confidently, improve processes, quality, reach new markets, etc. Independently from the reason extra cash is necessary, three main phases of business needs more extra finance; which are: New businesses that are being formed these can be either started up from the ground or acquired by another firm. Existing businesses that have a trading history and simply require additional finance for expansion and growth. Companies with financial difficulties to keep in business. This can happen to any type or size of venture and the reasons why it happen is not in the scope of this study. A business can grow by either using internal or external sources of finance. Internal sources of finance include all net cash flows generated by the business, such as retained profit or sale of assets. External sources of finance include bank loans, sale of a part of the business to investors (e.g., venture capital firms, business angels), and leasing (long-term renting of equipment). External sources of finance have a number of big advantages over the internal financing options, however drawbacks do exist also. Starting up the business When the entrepreneur decides to start-up its venture, there will always be a time when he or she will go through the financial aspects of opening a new company. Lack of financial resources is quite often the main reason why great companies are dreamed but never leaves the papers in developing countries. With no money, the entrepreneur is normally unable to go much further than its initial plans as it is very difficult to gain resources  [18]  (not impossible though) with no cash at all. Expansion A business needs investments to grow. Even the most profitable companies cannot rely solely on reinvested profits to finance their expansion. Accordingly, a business needs to secure bank credit, partner with venture capital firms or in any other way to secure external sources of finance. External finance provides the room for faster growth, allowing the company to operate on a far bigger scale, capturing new markets and providing products and services to an ever greater number of customers. Greater Economies of Scale Large businesses are generally more efficient than small ones. They have a greater bargaining power with suppliers and they can spread their fixed costs, such as administrative expenses, over larger sales. This results in lower costs per unit of production, which, in turn, gives the company a competitive edge in the marketplace. External sources of finance help a company grow faster, achieving the economies of scale necessary to compete with the rival firms on regional, national, or even international levels. Financial crisis recovery Any company at any stage is susceptible to get into financial trouble. The reasons why it might happen is infinite. It can be an outer issue happening in the government level, market level or even globally level. It can be due to an internal flaw committed by the higher management or a key employee that decides to leave the company. It could even be due to a machine that breaks down and turns to major issue, leading the enterprise to trigger a financial crisis. Thus, when such things happen, extra money (if not saved) is required to bring the organization back to its rails making it profitable again. Financing options trends Most common financing options Debt or equity When entrepreneurs consider to start or to expand their business, quite often external funds are pursued. It might come from individuals or companies that can provide a loan or direct investment to the venture, always looking for a future compensation. Investors or other financial sources can get return by two distinct ways, by debt or equity. Debt financing Debt financing usually occurs when you make a loan from a lender has been written by Duncan M. Chembezi (page 1). The loan will be used as capital injection in the business and need to be repaid over a period of time. The loan from each financial sources would have different terms and condition in clear repayment schedules and a set interest rate. Advantages The primary advantage of debt financing is that the entrepreneurs still retain total ownership of their businesses  [19]  . The benefit from having full ownership is that the entrepreneur can make strategic decisions, keep profit and reinvest it in the business. Other major advantages is that debt obligation will limit only in the repayment period which differently from equity finance where a percentage of ownership will not end until the investor sell its shares on the businesses. Disadvantages The major disadvantage of debt financing is the requirements which the entrepreneur needs to address before filing to a loan plus the interest rates to be paid on regular instalments to the lender. Hence, small business which has low cash flow might face difficult to re-pay the debts regularly. Most lenders might charge penalties for late payments which include charging fees, taking possession of collateral, or calling the loan due early. Moreover loans are usually available only for established companies. Start-up business might find it difficult to get a loan granted due to their business high risk and low (or no) company profile. Equity financing Equity capital implies to money that you and any of your business associate(s) inject directly into the operation  [20]   Chembezi. Contributors of equity capital would receive shares in the business as a compensation for the investment made. Advantages Equity financing provides extra capital into the business without the requirement of repayments and payment of interests as compensation. Hence, the equity is added into companys net value, improving the financial stability of business and its ability to obtain debt financing if still required. It can also result in outside expertise being added to the enterprises management or board. Disadvantages Equity financing is a permanent investment which reduces entrepreneurs ownership, thus its ability to control the business. Additionally, profits of the business are shared among the shareholders or equity investors. Internal and external sources of funding Funds can be acquired from a variety of sources however all of them will always be from two different types of sources: internal and external funding. Internal funding are funds available within the organization such as: personal savings, retained profits, bootstrapping and Family Friends and Fools (3Fs). External funding is money that comes from a source which is outside the company. External sources of funding can be countless, however the most common are: bank loans, Angel investors, Venture Capitalists, Government Agencies and general partnership. Internal funding Advantages Possibly internal funding would be the best option to any entrepreneur. Keeping your finances internally and controlling it yourself or within the organization means that one will keep ownership of your business without external unwanted interference. Moreover, by keeping the financing internally, the entrepreneur has the opportunity to grow sustainably and consistently. Disadvantages Although the many advantages of using internal funding, some drawbacks do exists. By using internal money for start and grow the company, it is inevitable that more money will be needed to keep the organization financial healthy. Such money is always needed to keep a balanced cash-flow and allow growth; therefore, using internal money either from the entrepreneurs savings or from the companys profits might constraint growth or imbalance the financial stability of the venture. External funding Advantages By taking external money the entrepreneur is possibly bringing more expertise to the company as if money is secured from business angels, venture capitalists or general partnership people with similar interest in having the company succeeding will try to help the entrepreneur, been many of them very well known in the market the entrepreneur is pursuing the venture. Moreover, by getting funding from the mentioned sources or from government agencies, one will need to get well prepared for presenting and pitching the idea, therefore leading to a better preparation of the entrepreneur in terms of the business itself by elaborating a more concise Business Plan and getting extra knowledge that shall be necessary when presenting. Disadvantages It is known that getting other entities along with the new company a payback to these must be done someh

All art is quite useless :: essays research papers

All art is quite useless If people were labeled with just one word to represent them, to sum up their many chapters of life, one word to define them completely, then the label you’d least come across would be that of artist. Seldom does one come to this earth with the natural ability, the gift to see the world as a painting, freshly finished on his canvas. The power to be forever praised on the walls of aging art museums. And the shear courage to go through life as an anomaly, a rare breed that makes heads turn the other way. It will be one rough journey for the young artist, however. Life will throw him around in a complicated mixture of feelings, thoughts and emotions, as he will desperately seek to find out who he is and what his purpose in life is. As his mind keeps sinking in dark, depressive moments of contemplation, the world around him will gradually affect him less, and his subconscious will start building the foundations of a brand new world, inside his head. A world where clocks melt under the persistence of the moment, where the horizon bends under a quill and nature explodes into a force against which we are meaningless; a world of beauty, color and contrast where poverty does not exist; where pain, solitude, depression and agony have no meaning. Trying to copy this odd world into something humanly translatable, the artist will spend day and night, paint and paper, ink and blood trying to find a way to turn his vision into a reality. Speeding across the highways of creation, searching for a muse under every unturned stone, he will have most certainly picked up a few bad, mind altering addictive habits along the way. His body gradually deteriorates as he constantly stretches his senses to the limit, trying to get to some promised, higher level of existence, a metaphysical metamorphose, but never leaving the cold ground. Hours blend with days and minutes turning time into a vague, discontinuous notion that the artist disconsideres while lost in an unstoppable, mechanical trance, creating piece after piece of critic’s junk that nobody cares for. Then he turns to love. The one last vice he doesn’t need. He seeks for it through poems, centerfolds and dimly lit streets, pursuing the scent of pheromones oozing from every corner of the sacrilegious part of a town soaked in moonlight.

What was Montesquieu?s aim in writing The Spirit of the Laws? Essay

‘I ask a favour that I fear will not be granted; it is that one not judge by a moment’s reading the work of twenty years, that one approve or condemn the book as a whole and not some few sentences. If one wants to seek the design of the author, one can find it only in the design of the work.’ (Montesquieu 1989: preface) The Spirit of the Laws took Montesquieu twenty years to write and was first published in Geneva in 1748. It was distributed freely, without the hindrance of censorship and deemed and instant success, despite negative feedback from friends to whom the manuscript was shown. After two years and twenty-two impressions made across Europe many critics arose of his work, however this merely added to the fame of the author. Despite his critics, Montesquieu knew he had created a worthy and original work of political theory expressed by the phrase of his last preface ‘an offspring made without a mother’. (Montesquieu 1989: preface) This suggests that Montesquieu intended to create a distinctive political theory which was unlike any of his predecessors. Although he quotes famous predecessors such as Plato and Aristotle, he treats them as sources of information rather than philosophical fundamentals. The Spirit of the Laws was Montesquieu’s last work and undeniably over the course of twenty years he implemented what Judith Shklar suggests as ‘his entire intellectual capital as a judge, scientist, novelist, historian, and traveller...’ (Shklar 1987: 67) It is his work ...

Playing Monopoly Essay

1. Identify the behaviors that you think are ethically questionable in the history of Microsoft. Evaluate the ethics of these behaviors. Pretend to embrace a technology and become the major source for that technology like buy out the competitors. Declare it obsolete because your original way is better. Wait long enough for a technique or idea to be forgotten by the majority of people or just long enough that the majority of your followers are naive newbies. Bring out the old idea and present it as a new invention. For example, many things in Visual Studio .Net are presented as new ideas even though they have existed in RAD tools like Delphi for over a decade. Why this works? because the majority of new software geeks have no idea what Delphi is and didn’t know that you could do everything exactly the way Microsoft claims you can in their â€Å"new† invention. It is very much clear about incidences that Microsoft has been unethical in its approaches. Rather that applying their own thoughts, most of the products they have released by copying ideas unethically from other competitor’s products. Rather than having the fair competition in the market Gates always tried to monopolize the market. Though all the monopoly has brought him profit but ethically Microsoft didn’t. 2. What characteristics of the market for operating systems do you think created the monopoly market that MIcrosoft’s operating system enjoyed? Evaluate the market in terms of utilitarianism, rights and justice (your analysis should make use of the textbook’s discussion of the effects of monopoly markets on the utility of participants in the market, on the moral rights of participants in the market, and on the distribution of the benefits and burdens among participants in the market), giving explicit examples from the operating sytems industry to illustrate your points. Some of the characteristics of the market that created monopoly market that Microsoft’s operating system enjoyed are as follows: Incorporation of various Microsoft applications like Windows Digital Media Player and  Internet Explorer in 1995 with its operating system gave an advantage to the company as this monopoly worked out for them. Users using Windows didn’t want themselves to get into trouble of purchasing a different browser and different Media Payer. Users were also not ready to pay extra money for buying other companies’ applications, as all those applications were readily available with Microsoft’s operating system. Every company was releasing their applications and operating systems in the market and every time Microsoft was able to know their programs. Using those programs Microsoft created monopoly in the market by releasing advanced version of competitors’ products. As when Navigator came in 1994, Microsoft launched Internet Explorer which was borrowed from Spyglass Inc. and made it similar to Navigator. It incorporated Internet Explorer with Windows. Media player was also incorporated in Windows. Sun Microsystems’s Java was also licensed to Microsoft first and then Microsoft built its own Microsoft java permitting Windows Users to be compatible with it.In the software industry users did not want to shift to new products or applications until proper training and workshops are organized. Microsoft’s used good strategies for training users. With the Installation disk, a proper tour of Windows is provided to facilitate user. 3. In your view, should the goverment have sued Microsoft for vilolation of the antitrust law? In your view, was judge Jackson’s order that Microsoft be broken into two comanies fair to Microsoft? Was judge Killar-Kotelly’s november 1, 2003 decision fair? Was the April 2004 decision of the Eruopean Comission fair to Microsoft? Explain your answers. USA Attorney General Janet Reno filed an antitrust suit against Microsoft in the court of Judge Thomas Jackson. Microsoft made the computer companies using Windows as their operating system not to license, distribute or promote competitive software products of other companies. It embedded Internet Explorer with Windows and thus demolished consumer freedom to go for any other Browser plus it also degraded windows performance. In the agreements with computer companies those using Windows, Microsoft wanted them to leave Internet Explorer as the default Web–Browser and didn’t allow installation of any other browser. The judge was having complete authority  to take hard actions against Microsoft’s unethical business strategies. As per the case study it is evident that Microsoft has used various unethical business strategies to make their business profitable. Microsoft copied the copyright of Apple’s OS/2 and developed its own operating system on the same line . Moreover they forced users to use its Internet Explorer and digital media player. They suppressed the platform independent functionality of Sun’s Java by releasing Microsoft’s Java and making it cross platform language. In my view, government should not have sued Microsoft. Consumers were well satisfied by Windows which was evident from the market share of its use. So signing of agreement involves approval of computer companies and Microsoft and if computer companies have signed that agreement that means they weren’t having any problems and neither consumers upon implementing the agreement. So Microsoft just used a marketing strategy over here. Judge Jackson’s order was fair for the competitors as well as for the software industry because Microsoft has really invoked the monopoly situation in the market. It was essential to have fair competition in the market. As an operating system and applications are totally two different aspects and Microsoft should no t club these two aspects. This order would have helped competitors and users to choose their favorite applications. From Microsoft’s point of view it was not the fair decision, as they never wish to separate their business into two domains. It was a marketing strategy adopted by Microsoft so that it can withstand with the competition. According to them it also facilitated consumers for not spending their money in buying other corresponding software and also playing a risk of installing and uninstalling. According to the settlement between Microsoft and DOJ, Microsoft was asked to share its application programming interface with other software rivals and to allow users to hide Internet Explorer icon from the screen. It was asked not to prevent other competitors programs to install on its operating system and not to retaliate against computer makers in releasing their products. This settlement was officially approved by Judge Kollar-Kotelly on November 1, 2003. The decision was really fair for the competitors as well as users. The decision has created free competitive market in the software industry. It allows users to use other available applications and allow them to hide icons which they do not want to use. From competitors point of view market became much more open to release more  products with advanced techn ologies. This move also helped people to think out of Microsoft’s box and helped to showcase their technical skills. As a result various new operating systems with better performance than Windows like Linux, Suse, Knoppix, and Solaris came in market. 4. Who, if anyone is harmed by the kind of market that Microsoft’s operating system has enjoyed? Explain your answer. What kind of public policies, if any, should we have to deal with industries like the operating system industry. Monopoly of Microsoft’s operating system has harmed everyone from users to computer producers. Due to unavailability of fair market the users were bound to use Microsoft’s operating system and applications. They were unable to hide icons of the Microsoft’s applications from their operating system. From producer’s point of view, they were not free to launch Windows compatible applications due to unavailability of Windows application programming interface in the market. The competition became minimal in the market due to monopoly enjoyed by Microsoft. Due to monopoly in the market one single company Microsoft was holding maximum market share. It hampered the technical advancement and innovation in the market as well. Some of the following public policies could be used to deal with monopoly Government should issue some standards for a given technol ogy/system/product which should be followed by everyone in the industry. Anti-monopoly law can be created to prevent monopoly to occur in the market. Some policies can be incorporated in the system to motivate and encourage newly launched companies to increase the innovation in the market. Some policies should be made to share information among the companies whose applications are inter dependant.